JI is indexed in MyCite. The Jurnal Intelek (JI) (eISSN: 2231-7716) is an open-access, international, referred journal. Jurnal Intelek will be accepting research papers in innovation and technology in management in various fields of research that include (but are not limited to) organizational behavior, leadership management, marketing management, information management, strategic management, human resource management, performance management, quality management, intellectual property management, educational management, sports management, health and fitness management. PUBLICATION IS FREE OF CHARGE. Jurnal Intelek is indexed in MyCite. JI is also available at Google Scholar. CLICK HERE TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
Do Gender Differences Affect Job Performance? Evidence from UiTM Sports Graduates
Job performance is an important indicator of how effectively graduates apply their knowledge, skills, and responsibilities in the workplace, and understanding whether performance differs by gender remains an important area of inquiry. As graduates transition into employment, job performance becomes a key measure of their ability to adapt to workplace expectations and contribute to organizational goals. This study aimed to determine whether there is a significant difference in job performance between male and female UiTM sports graduates. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed involving 369 employed UiTM sports graduates from five campuses. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire consisting of demographic information and an 11-item job performance scale measured using a five-point Likert scale. The data were analysed using an independent samples t-test to compare job performance by gender. The statistical analysis revealed that this difference was not significant, indicating that job performance did not vary meaningfully according to gender. The discussion suggests that comparable educational preparation, similar workplace expectations, and shared motivational factors may explain the absence of significant differences. The findings also imply that job performance among graduates is more likely to be shaped by competence, work environment, and professional demands than by gender. Overall, this study contributes empirical evidence that challenges assumptions of gender-based performance differences among sports graduates and highlights the importance of assessing employee performance on the basis of capability and outcomes. These findings may inform fairer evaluation practices and support future research on graduate employability and workplace performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Syazwani Zulaikha Safwan, Mohamad Firdaus Ahmad, Ellail Ain Mohd Aznan, Siti Sara Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing the need for a nature guide role assessment inventory: a case study from Taman Negara Pahang, Malaysia
In delivering a meaningful ecotourism experience, the role of nature guides is crucial, particularly through environmental interpretation, conservation messaging and visitors’ engagement. However, there is no validated instrument available in Malaysia to systematically evaluate their professional responsibilities. Thus, this study aims to determine the need for a comprehensive evaluation tool, the proposed Nature Guide Role Assessment Inventory (NGRAI), by conducting a structured needs analysis among licensed local nature guides. Using the first phase of a modified Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, a quantitative survey was administered to 30 certified nature guides operating at Taman Negara Pahang, Malaysia’s premier ecotourism destination, via the gateway community of Kuala Tahan. The findings reveal a strong consensus among respondents regarding the absence of existing role assessment tools, and they express an apparent readiness for adopting a standardised instrument. Framed by McKillip’s (1987) Discrepancy Model of Needs Analysis, the results affirm the relevance and urgency of developing a context-specific assessment tool. This study serves as a foundation for future instrument development. It contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by supporting innovation in professional standardisation, human capital development, and sustainable tourism governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustakim Hashim, Mohd Hafizal Ismail, Mohd Aswad Ramlan, Muhammad Firdaus Jamaluddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Key Strategies to Overcome Barriers in Lean Construction Implementation
Implementation of Lean Construction practices within the Malaysian construction industry has improved since the introduction of lean in Malaysia. The implementation of lean construction focused on improving the workflow, improving scheduling, reducing cost, and reduce waste of construction material. However, multiple study proven barriers are present effecting the implementation of lean construction. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide recommendation to overcome the barriers that hinder the implementation of lean construction. A mixed methodology was used in this study, involving two stages of data collection with a particular focus on identifying barriers and proposing strategies to overcome them. The first stage was collecting data through a structured questionnaire distributed to Grade G7 contractors operating within the Klang Valley. The instrument was designed to identify the barriers affecting the implementation of Lean Construction and recommendation to overcome it. The collected responses were subsequently analysed using descriptive statistical methods. The second stage, 5 construction industry practitioner were interviewed through semi-structured interview to obtain recommendation to overcome the identified barriers affecting the implementation of Lean Construction. As a result of this study, multiple recommendation was introduced to overcome barriers affecting the implantation of the lean construction such as combination of strategic and practical measures is essential. Enhancing continuous training, awareness programme, strong leadership and commitment from top management are among of recommendation introduced to this study. This recommendation is essential to further improve lean implementation in Malaysia construction industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imilia Husna Dilah, Wan Norizan Wan Ismail, Siti Sarah Mat Isa, Muhammad Adam Shaharuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Quantitative analysis on awareness and perception of the Online Safety Act 2025 (ONSA): A case study of law students at UiTM Sarawak
This study examines the awareness and perceptions of the Online Safety Act (ONSA) among 315 students at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Branch. Using a quantitative survey analysed with descriptive statistics and independent t-tests, the research reveals a moderate level of legal awareness and a high level of positive perception toward the Act. Data analysis indicates that female students have significantly higher awareness than male students, though awareness remains consistent across educational levels. Conversely, while perceptions do not vary by gender, degree students hold significantly stronger perceptions than diploma students. A key finding identifies educators as the primary source of information, emphasizing their vital role in legal literacy. Despite widespread exposure to harmful experiences, a gap persists between students’ supportive attitudes and their substantive legal understanding. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers and academic institutions to refine online safety initiatives through targeted curriculum integration and demographic-specific outreach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliza Salleh, Ikhwan Naguib Jusoh, W Fatimah Hanun Wan Mohamad Saferdin, Nurul Aqmal Roslan, Siti Mahanisayu Marhaban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of Online Reviews and Testimonials on Consumer Trust and Purchase Intentions: Evidence from Malaysian University Students
Electronic commerce has transformed consumer purchasing behaviour by enabling transactions without geographical limitations. In this digital environment, consumers rely heavily on online reviews and testimonials as substitutes for physical product inspection. While positive and credible reviews enhance trust and encourage purchases, negative or deceptive feedback can undermine confidence. The growing prevalence of fake reviews further complicates consumer decision-making, raising concerns about credibility and authenticity. This study addresses the problem of how review credibility influences consumer trust and purchase intentions, focusing on Malaysian university students as a representative sample of young, active online shoppers. The objectives of this research are twofold: (1) to identify the role of online reviews and testimonials in shaping consumer trust toward products and brands, and (2) to examine how the credibility of online reviews relates to purchase intentions. A quantitative survey method was employed, targeting 30 students from diverse academic disciplines. Respondents were selected through convenience sampling, and data were collected via online questionnaires distributed through social media over a 14-week period. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses, with results presented in charts to highlight trends. Findings reveal that most respondents strongly agreed that positive reviews increase confidence, while negative reviews deter purchases. Credibility emerged as a decisive factor, with the majority of the participants considering review trustworthiness before making purchase decisions. Authentic and detailed reviews were particularly influential in building trust, whereas skepticism toward fake or unreliable reviews reduced purchase intentions. These results confirm the critical role of review credibility in shaping consumer behaviour but also highlight limitations such as demographic skew and potential social desirability bias.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tuan Sarifah Aini Syed Ahmad, Soo Kum Yoke, Zhang Yaqui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Modern Ethos: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Digital Influencer Credibility in Building Online Consumer Trust
Online consumer trust is a critical precedence that defines the success of digital marketing. The application of modern ethos looks into the credibility of digital influencers that plays a pivotal role in influencing behaviours and beliefs, managing doubts, and improving the level of trust among online consumers. The objectives of the study are to investigate the credibility strategies utilized by digital influencers in their content creation and to determine the employed methods in content creation for online consumers. Additionally, a qualitative approach was adopted using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews involving a purposive sampling of ten respondents, divided into two groups of five digital influencers and five online consumers. The findings revealed two main superordinate themes: reputation and integrity. The subordinate themes under reputation are authenticity, relevancy, knowledge and experience, and attractiveness which were identified as the key strategies utilized by digital influencers to establish their credibility. Conversely, the integrity superordinate highlights four subordinate themes which are style, fact checking, truthfulness, and relatability. These subordinates represent the content creation methods utilized by digital influencers. This study contributes to the understanding of digital marketing phenomenology by focusing on the strategies that emphasizes digital influencer’s authenticity, consistency, and audience-centric approaches. The implications of the study also include the benefits for practitioners in maintaining their credibility through the aspects of reputation and integrity on social media. Furthermore, the importance of credibility suggests that digital influencers must uphold and prioritize their authenticity, consistency, and transparency in content creation. Audiences are becoming increasingly discerning, and any misconducts or perceived inconsistency may reduce their level of trust. Hence, digital influencers should invest in creating and demonstrating coherence in their personal brand, reflecting on genuine experience, expertise, and relatability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wan Allef Elfi Danial Wan Sukeri, Wan Hartini Wan Zainodin, Ireena Nasiha Ibnu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Food Tourism and Social Media: Leveraging Instagram for Effective Destination Marketing in Malaysia
The convergence of food tourism and social media platforms has fundamentally transformed destination marketing strategies, with Instagram emerging as a critical tool for promoting culinary heritage and gastronomic experiences. This study explores the relationships between food tourism of local food heritage and Instagram social media platforms to understand how local food heritage enhances destination marketing effectiveness, specifically examining Tourism Malaysia's digital marketing strategies. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing content analysis of Tourism Malaysia's official Instagram account. Data collection focused on food tourism related posts from January 2024 to December 2024, examining visual content. Content analysis was conducted to identify recurring patterns in destination marketing approaches. The findings reveal significant reliance on Instagram for food tourism information dissemination, with the platform serving as the primary medium for destination marketing strategies and trend identification. Content analysis shows that while food consumption remains central to promotional experiences, emphasis is placed on preserving local heritage and traditions through culinary representation. The study identifies cultural representation, and heritage preservation through digital storytelling. This research contributes to advanced understanding of food tourism and social media relationships by demonstrating how Instagram leverages gastronomic experiences for effective destination promotion. The findings offer practical insights for destination marketing organizations seeking to enhance competitiveness through cultural food tourism destination marketing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Nor Fadillah Ahmad Shariff, Mohd Hairi Jalis, Massyittah Omar, Hawaliana Selamat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Capabilities and Sustainable Performance of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) Homestay Operators in Sabah: The Mediating Roles of Innovation Capability And Community Participation
This study examines how digital capabilities influence the sustainable performance of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) homestay operators in Sabah. The model positions social media usage as a key digital capability, with innovation capability and community participation tested as mediators and digital leadership as a moderator. Although digitalisation has become an important enabler of tourism competitiveness, limited empirical research has examined digital technology adoption among CBT homestay operators in Sabah. Guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV), this study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey of registered CBT homestay operators. Of 350 questionnaires distributed, 309 were returned and 286 usable responses were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings show that social media usage significantly enhances innovation capability and sustainable performance, while innovation capability significantly improves sustainable performance. Community participation, the two mediation effects and the moderating effect of digital leadership are not supported. The study extends RBV by demonstrating that digital and innovation-related resources can strengthen sustainability outcomes in rural tourism enterprises. Practically, the findings highlight the need for CBT operators, policymakers and tourism authorities to strengthen social media use, innovation support and targeted digital capacity-building in Sabah
Copyright (c) 2026 Jane Polus Masundang, Imelda Albert Gisip, Cynthia @ Annamaria Robert Dawayan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Pilot Study on Leadership Styles Influencing Innovative Work Behaviour among Educators: The Mediating Role of Digital Competency
This pilot study assessed the clarity, reliability, and appropriateness of a survey instrument designed to examine the influence of leadership styles specifically transformational, servant, and digital leadership on innovative work behaviour (IWB) among educators, with digital competency as a proposed mediator. A quantitative survey approach was employed, utilising a six-point Likert scale. Data were collected from a sample of 20 educators, comprising secondary school teachers and higher education lecturers in Malaysia, before the main empirical study. Reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach's alpha to evaluate the internal consistency of the adapted constructs. The results demonstrated that all the constructs achieved good to excellent reliability, with their Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.818 to 0.969, well above the recommended threshold of 0.70. Furthermore, the analysis indicated high item comprehension and structural suitability among the respondents. These findings confirm that the adapted instrument is psychometrically sound and highly reliable for use in a full-scale empirical investigation. Conducting this pilot study strengthens the methodological rigour of the research and invites confidence in the subsequent step of large-scale data collection within the Malaysian educational context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Rohana Daud, Nur Qamarina Sharom, Saida Farhanah Sarkam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Empowering Hospitality Students for Smart Service Roles: The Influence of Psychological Capital on Technology Readiness
Smart technologies are transforming the hospitality industry, requiring future graduates to be prepared for service roles involving artificial intelligence, robotics, digital platforms, and automated systems. However, technology readiness is not shaped by digital exposure alone; it also depends on students’ psychological capacity to adapt, persist, and respond positively to technological change. This study examines the influence of Psychological Capital on technology readiness among hospitality students at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pulau Pinang Branch. Specifically, it investigates the effects of hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism on students’ readiness to engage with smart service technologies. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected from 386 hospitality students using a structured questionnaire. The measurement instrument assessed Psychological Capital through four dimensions and technology readiness using items adapted from the Technology Readiness Index. Data were analysed using SPSS through reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings show that overall Psychological Capital significantly predicts technology readiness, explaining 23.4% of the variance. However, when the four dimensions were examined separately, only optimism emerged as a significant predictor of technology readiness. Hope, self-efficacy, and resilience showed positive but non-significant effects. These results suggest that students’ positive expectations toward technology play a more central role in shaping readiness than general confidence, goal orientation, or adaptability alone. The study contributes to hospitality education by highlighting that preparing students for smart service roles requires more than technical training. Hospitality programmes should also cultivate positive psychological resources, particularly optimism toward technology, while strengthening hands-on exposure to smart hospitality systems. The findings offer practical implications for curriculum design, digital training, and graduate readiness in an increasingly technology-driven hospitality industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fairuz Abd Hakim, Suria Sulaiman, Irina Mohd Akhir, Joesri Mohd Saber, Khairil Anuar Bahri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Longevity and Diversity: Life Expectancy Trends in Malaysia Across Ethnicities and Genders
Malaysia has undergone a demographic transition associated with economic development. One of the factors that contributes to this transition is increased longevity. Thus, this study aims to examine trends and differences in life expectancy by ethnicities, genders and states in Malaysia from 1991 to 2020 using trend analysis. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). The findings show that between 2000 and 2020, the life expectancy of males and females in Malaysia had lengthened by almost 3 years from 70.0 to 72.6 and 74.6 to 77.6 respectively. It is also found that the Chinesehave a higher life expectancy compared to other ethnic groups for both sexes. Indian males have a life expectancy of less than 70 years throughout the years, while females show a tremendous improvement, with a 5-year increase from 71.2 in 1991 to 76.2 in 2020. The Bumiputera life expectancy reached 71.3 years and 76.1 years in 2020 for male and female, respectively. The successive improvements in life expectancy are evidence of an increasingly health-conscious community, a stable political administration committed to better health care and Malaysia’s economic wealth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saharani Abdul Rashid, Mazura Mokhtar, Norshahida Shaadan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An Empirical Analysis of Psychological Capital Factors Influencing Job Performance Among Public Servants in the Klang Valley
This study examines the impact of psychological capital on job performance among public servants in Malaysia. Psychological capital, covering self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience, has gained significant attention within positive organizational behavior research. Although these traits are known to help employees succeed, there is little research on them within the Malaysian government sector. The conservation of resources theory postulates that psychological resources enable employees to manage stress effectively, maintain motivation, and enhance performance. A quantitative research design was developed using an online survey distributed to 300 targeted respondents from ministries and public universities in the Klang Valley. Nonetheless, 185 respondents' questionnaires were valid for analysis. Research instruments used in the analysis comprised 49 items and demonstrated strong internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging between 0.782 and 0.824. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS version 29 using measurements such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between all four dimensions of psychological capital: resilience, optimism, hope, and job performance. The strongest drivers of success were performance, resilience, optimism, and hope. The model accounted for 61.5% of the variance in job performance contributed by all four dimensions of psychological capital variables. Hence, the study contributes to the advancement of positive psychological literature by validating the COR theory within a Malaysian public sector context. The findings highlighted the importance of implementing human resource development strategies and targeted training initiatives to strengthen psychological capital to enhance employees' well-being, productivity, and overall organizational effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Masyitah Syahirah Saharum, Maymunah Ismail, Saeidah Jantan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of perceived value and technology self-efficacy on restaurant operators’ continued use of restaurant management systems
Restaurants invest in technology and use innovations such as restaurant management systems (RMS) to manage and optimize their operations more effectively and efficiently. Using the value-based adoption model, we investigated the effects of perceived benefit, perceived risk, perceived value, and technology self-efficacy on continuous RMS usage intention among small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) restaurant operators. We collected 352 valid responses and analyzed the data using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results show that perceived benefit and perceived risk significantly influenced the perceived value of RMS. Moreover, we found a complementary partial mediating role of perceived value in the association between perceived benefit, perceived risk, and continuous usage intention. We also found that low technology self-efficacy has a more substantial impact on the perceived value’s effect on continuous usage intention. Findings offer benefits to SME restaurant operators by increasing their productivity through automation and digitalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asiyatul Nabilah Rosnan, Nur Hidayah Che Ahmat, Norfezah Md Nor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
She Builds & She Thrives: The Influence of Human Capital on SME Financial & Non-Financial Performance
Women entrepreneurs are making a significant contribution to the country’s economy. To improve the performance of women SMEs, human capital development is very important because it can have a significant impact on an organization. The success of an organization depends on the quality and quantity of its human capital, whether intellectual or personal. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of human capital dimensions (i.e., competencies, motivation, and creativity) on financial and non-financial performance. A quantitative approach based on online surveys was used in this study. The study sample consisted of 400 SME entrepreneurs aged 18 to 60 years who operated businesses in the Klang Valley. This analysis uses structural equation modelling (SEM). Respondents were selected using purposive, cluster, and snowball sampling methods. Findings show that human capital dimensions have a significant impact on the financial and non-financial performance of women's SMEs. In this regard, the organization needs to prioritize investment in human capital to develop employees with exemplary values. Considering the importance of knowledge as the basis for added value in human development, employers' roles are crucial in nurturing and encouraging employees to continue gaining knowledge to produce successful individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor, Azizan Zainuddin, Hasnatulsyakhira Abdullah Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing student participation through a structured tracking and scoring system in tutorial classes
Student participation in tutorial classes remains a persistent challenge in higher education, particularly in contexts where cultural norms and fear of negative evaluation discourage voluntary verbal engagement. This paper presents the design, theoretical basis, and initial implementation of a Structured Participation Tracking and Scoring System (SPTSS) in tutorial classes at a Malaysian public university. The study involved 77 undergraduate students enrolled in four tutorial groups under the course PAD321 at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kota Kinabalu. The system awards transparent, criterion-referenced points for observable participation behaviours including question-answering, peer discussion, task completion, and peer teaching. Drawing on active learning theory, self-determination theory, and gamification research, the SPTSS was developed around three core principles: transparency, fairness, and immediacy of feedback. Initial observational findings from Week 1 of implementation reveal encouraging trends, with 51 of the 77 students (66.2%) recording positive participation scores in their first tracked session. Preliminary evidence suggests that the system promotes more equitable participation, reduces reticence among previously silent students, and improves overall tutorial session dynamics. Implications for tutorial pedagogy and future research directions are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haidy Hendry Dusim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploring the Dimensions of Virtual Reality Experience Quality (VREQ) on Guest Booking Intention: A Technology Acceptance Perspective
This study examines the impact of hotel websites’ virtual reality experience quality (VREQ) on guests’ booking intention, focusing on the role of immersive technology in digital marketing. As hotels increasingly adopt virtual reality to allow potential guests to explore environments before making reservations, identifying the specific dimensions of the user experience that drive behavior has become essential. This research investigates three key dimensions of VREQ: navigation control, sound quality, and visual design. A quantitative research approach was employed using a structured questionnaire distributed to individuals aged 18 and above with prior experience in hotel VR or 360-degree virtual tours. A total of 232 participants were involved in the study, and data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings reveal that visual design characterized by high-quality graphics and aesthetic realism has a significant and positive effect on booking intention. In contrast, navigation control and sound quality were found to have no significant influence, suggesting these elements are perceived as basic functional requirements rather than decisive drivers of consumer choice. These results contribute theoretically by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) into the Virtual Reality (VR) hospitality context and practically by advising hotel managers and developers to prioritize visual fidelity to enhance telepresence and consumer confidence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Aszyanti Atirah Mohd Asri, Anderson Anak Ngelambong, Nur Farah Izzati Irwan, Nurul Aziera Farhana Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Factors Influencing Purchasing Decisions of AyamGepuk: Youth Generation in Malaysia
The Malaysian food and beverage landscape has been significantly transformed by the rising popularity of Ayam Gepuk, a spicy Indonesian smashed-fried chicken dish that has become a cultural phenomenon among youth. Despite its premium pricing compared to local staples, the dish continues to command strong demand, creating a behavioural paradox where price-sensitive youths frequently purchase a relatively expensive meal. This study examines the influence of three key factors, that is, price, brand image, and product quality, on the purchasing decisions of Malaysian youth. The research employs a quantitative approach using a descriptive and correlational design. Data was collected via a structured online questionnaire distributed to youth respondents. The data was analysed to assess the reliability of the instrument and to test the relationships between the independent variables and the youths' purchasing decisions. The findings indicate that the research instrument possessed high reliability and that all three independent variables significantly influence youth purchasing decisions. Notably, product quality emerged as the strongest predictor, followed by price and brand Image. These results suggest that while Malaysian youth are value-conscious, they prioritise the tangible attributes of the food, such as taste, portion size, and hygiene, over brand recognition or the absolute lowest price. The study concludes that to capture this demographic, food entrepreneurs should prioritise culinary consistency and value-based pricing strategies rather than relying solely on brand marketing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Syahira Bibit, Siti Rohimi Mohamed Apandi, Ahmad Nasiruddin Mohd Idzwan, Wan Ahmad Nabil Pahimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Strategic Adaptation to Digital Disruption: A Scoping Review of Firm Responses in Commercial Printing
Digital disruption has reshaped many business-to-business industries, yet evidence on how firms adapt at the strategic level remains fragmented and context-specific. The commercial printing industry offers a useful setting to examine these dynamics, as firms face both external substitution by digital media and internal pressure to adopt digital technologies. This study maps the literature on firm-level strategic responses to digitalization through a scoping review of commercial printing and print-service firms. Following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, 54 studies published between 2010 and March 2026 were identified from Scopus and Web of Science. The review identifies seven recurring categories of strategic response: technology adoption and digital investment, business model innovation, market diversification, vertical integration and partnerships, process improvement, capability development, and supply chain adjustment. The evidence shows that adaptation is rarely driven by isolated actions. Instead, firms combine technological investment with shifts toward service-oriented and hybrid business models. Internal conditions, including managerial capability, financial resources, and technological readiness, shape the form and speed of response, while external pressures such as digitalization, changing customer demand, and competitive intensity act as primary drivers. Beyond the industry context, the findings highlight a broader pattern of strategic adaptation under digital disruption, where firms move from production-centric logics toward integrated product–service offerings. The review also identifies key gaps, including limited longitudinal evidence, uneven geographic coverage, and minimal research on emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. This study contributes by consolidating fragmented evidence on firm adaptation and offering a structured basis for future research on strategic responses to digital disruption in manufacturing and service-oriented industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Yusuf Masod https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Privatisation Of Ruminant Vaccinations in Malaysia: An Economical & Management Feasibility Study.
Vaccination is fundamental to livestock productivity and food security all over the world. In Malaysia, ruminant-disease control is largely managed by the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS). Recurrent vaccine shortages, delivery delays, and fiscal limitations have piqued the interest in privatising vaccination through possible public–private partnerships (PPPs). This study shows the economic and management feasibility of PPP. A mixed-methods study design combined quantitative surveys of 120 farmers with qualitative interviews of 10 stakeholders. Eighty-five percent of respondents supported private participation, anticipating gains in accessibility and profitability; fifteen percent voiced cost and quality concerns. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) between willingness-to-pay and perceived productivity improvement. Qualitative themes emphasised regulatory readiness, affordability, and workforce expansion. Economic simulation suggested that a hybrid PPP could possibly lower government expenditure by 20 percent over five years while maintaining herd-immunity thresholds. This study concludes that Malaysia can strengthen animal-health governance through regulated collaboration that balances efficiency with equity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinesh Raj, Posyhan Manikam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Leg Power and Agility as Determinants of Shooting Performance in Basketball Players
This research examines how lower-limb power and movement agility influence basketball players’ shooting effectiveness, focusing on how these physical attributes contribute to overall shooting proficiency. Variations in shooting consistency are commonly linked to insufficient lower-body conditioning among players, particularly in the lower limbs. This quantitative descriptive study was conducted with (n=20) male basketball players from UiTM Pahang. Data were collected using a vertical jump test for leg power, a Zig-Zag test for agility, and a lay-up shooting test. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between leg power and shooting performance (r = 0.65, p < 0.01) and between agility and shooting performance (r = 0.58, p < 0.05). These results showed that integrating specific leg power and agility training can improve basketball players' shooting performance.
Mohd Faizal Azrul Azwan Muhamed @ Che Harun
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Azharul Azemi, Mohd Faizal Azrul Azwan Muhamed @ Che Harun, Nur Atikah Mohamed Kassim, Rozella Ab Razak, Kalam Azad Isa, Muhammad Faizal Kutip, Harith Rusydin Abd Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing The Impact of TikTok-Based Promotions on Students’ Participation in Outdoor Activities at Malaysian Public University
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed student lifestyles, emphasizing the importance of digital platforms for encouraging health and physical activity. This research examines the effectiveness of TikTok-based promotion in influencing student participation in outdoor activities at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam. The research focused on three TikTok engagement variables: identity, sharing, and reputation as constructs of students’ participation in outdoor activities. A quantitative method was used, consisting of structured questions distributed to 74 sports students. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0 for multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that reputation had the strongest positive contribution to students’ participation (β = 0.557, p < 0.05), followed by identity (β = 0.217, p < 0.05), while sharing had a smaller and insignificant effect (β = 0.129, p > 0.05). The overall model was statistically significant (F(3,75) = 40.823, p < 0.05), explaining 62% of the variance in students participating in outdoor activities(R² = 0.620). These findings confirm that TikTok is one of the social media platforms effectively promoting outdoor activities, especially through reputable content and influencer credibility. The study provides practical suggestions for universities and sports organizations on how to use TikTok as a strategic platform to encourage physical activities and enhance student well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Khairul Aiman Mohamad Zahir , Muhammad Faizal Kutip, Muhammad Farid Hilmi Aidit, Adam Afif Mohamad Azmi, Mohd Azharul Azemi, Muhammad Zakwan Rusydi Suhaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Transforming Teams Outdoors: Gendered Perspectives on Leadership and Cohesion in UiTM’s Recreation Curriculum
This study explores the relationship between transformational leadership behaviours and group cohesion among students enrolled in outdoor recreation programs at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Grounded in experiential learning theory and leadership psychology, the research employed a quantitative design involving 230 respondents from five UiTM campuses. Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Findings revealed a strong presence of transformational leadership across all four dimensions—idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration—with idealized influence rated highest. Group cohesion was perceived as moderately high, particularly in group integration related to task and social dynamics, though individual attraction to group tasks scored lower. Independent t-tests showed no statistically significant gender differences in perceptions of leadership or cohesion, suggesting that UiTM’s outdoor recreation curriculum fosters inclusive and equitable leadership experiences. The study highlights the potential of outdoor experiential education to cultivate leadership and team unity, reinforcing the value of such programs in higher education. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on leadership development in sport and recreation contexts and underscore the need for future research into environmental and contextual factors that enhance cohesion and leadership efficacy in outdoor settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim, Siti Sarah Khairul Anuar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Anxiety Prevalence of Pre-Competitive Anxiety Among Female Football Players in Malaysia
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pre-competitive anxiety (PCA) among female football players, with a secondary focus on examining its correlation with match outcomes, emotional states, and arousal levels. Sixty-seven experienced female football players (mean age: 22.9 ± 4.5 years; mean height: 1.58 ± 5.4 cm; mean weight: 54.8 ± 7.2 kg) volunteered for the study. Anxiety levels before matches were assessed using the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), while emotional states and arousal levels were measured before, during, and after matches using the Feeling Scale (FS) and Felt Arousal Scale (FAS). All participants completed the SCAT questionnaire, FS, and FAS scales. Descriptive analysis was employed to assess anxiety levels, and Pearson correlation (r) analysis was conducted to explore relationships between these variables. The findings indicated moderate levels of pre-competitive anxiety among participants. However, no significant correlations were observed between SCAT scores and match outcomes, FS, or FAS scores (P > 0.05). This study suggests that while anxiety, arousal, and emotional states play a role, they may have a limited impact on the competitive performance of female football players. Further research is essential to validate these findings and emphasize the significance of addressing pre-competitive anxiety in the Malaysian sports context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Azilah Atan, Nur Faidza Mohd Nur Aiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Beyond Green Promises: The Influence of Sustainable Packaging, Carbon-Emission Reduction, and Transparent Communication on Consumer Perception towards Corporate Sustainability Practices
In recent years, growing environmental concerns have pushed consumers to question whether companies genuinely practice sustainability or merely use it as a marketing tool. This study investigates how corporate sustainability practices influence consumer perception, focusing on Nestlé Malaysia as a leading example in the food and beverage industry. Guided by Stakeholder Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study aims to examine the effects of sustainable packaging, carbon-emission reduction, and transparency in communication on consumer perception. Using quantitative research design, data were collected from 370 undergraduate students through structured questionnaires and analysed using SPSS with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings show that all three sustainability dimensions significantly and positively affect consumer perception, with sustainable packaging exerting the strongest influence, followed by transparency and carbon-emission reduction. The study highlights that consumers respond best to sustainability actions that are visible, credible, and well communicated. It offers valuable insights for FMCG companies to strengthen brand trust through authentic practices aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 12 and 13 on responsible consumption and climate action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafirda Akma Musaddad, Nur Syahira Mohd Nafi, Wan Anis Wan Mohd Assrudin, Nadiah Mahmad Nasir, Suraya Husin, Norsilawati Mohd Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Capital Resilience in the Carbon Era: Bank Efficiency and Physical Risk Interactions in High-Income and Middle-Income Countries
In an era with heightened financial uncertainty and an increase in climate risk shocks, the capital level of banks has become one of the crucial tools to increase depositor trust and promote long-term stability while remaining resilient. The study investigates the capital decision of Islamic and conventional banks across High-Income and Middle-Income countries over a period of 28 years. The study further examines the relationship between cost efficiency and bank capital across different level of physical risk exposure. The estimation using random effect model of cluster standard errors discloses a significantly positive relationship between transition risk, profitability, and economy with the capital level. Meanwhile, cost efficiency and bank size are negatively correlated with the capital level. The capital level of banks is found to be significantly different between crises and non-crisis periods, between bank specializations, and between country groups. Additionally, the findings reveal that physical risk negatively moderates the relationship between cost efficiency and bank capital, with the interaction effect being more pronounced for banks operating in high physical risk environments. Regulators are recommended to ensure both Islamic and conventional banks consistently uphold high capital level while implementing stricter monitoring on larger bank size to mitigate moral hazard.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahida Ahmad, Nur Hazimah Amran, Nur Syahirah Rokeman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
From Stability to Sustainability: How Bank Risks and Climate Exposures Influence ESG
The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between the bank risks and climate risks with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance of the banking institutions in Asia Pacific countries. In this study, bank risk is represented by three dimensions which are liquidity risk, credit risk, and capital risk, while climate risk is represented by physical risk and transition risk. This study also adds bank size, profitability, and economy as the control variables. Unbalanced panel data of 75 listed banking institutions between 2010 and 2024 from 10 selected countries have been arranged and go through preliminary tests to check for robustness and validity. In accordance with the Hausman Test, this study uses Fixed Effect Model (FEM) to examine the relationship of the variables. The results reveal that capital risk has a significant negative impact on ESG performance, whereas liquidity and credit risks are positive but insignificant with the bank’s ESG performance. Transition risk, proxied by fossil fuel energy consumption, shows a strong negative relationship with ESG performance, while physical risk is found to have insignificant relationship with ESG performance. Among the control variables, bank size positively and significantly influences ESG performance, confirming that larger banks possess greater resources to implement sustainable strategies. The findings suggest that robust capitalization and reduced reliance on carbon-intensive sectors would enhance bank’s ESG outcomes. The study makes contribution to a broader literature on sustainable banking through the inclusion of regional evidence from APAC and offers policy recommendations to strengthen the integration of financial and climate risk management in the world of banking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Hazirah Mohamad-Shukri, Wahida Ahmad, Nur Hazimah Amran, Nur Syahirah Rokeman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Servicescape Dimensions and Tourist Behaviour: A Quantitative Study at Chenang Beach, Langkawi
This study examines the effect of servicescape dimensions on tourist behaviour at Chenang Beach, Langkawi. The research aims to determine how the physical, social, and complementary aspects of the servicescape influence tourists’ experiences and actual behaviour. A quantitative approach was applied using a structured questionnaire distributed to 120 tourists visiting Chenang Beach. Data were analysed through regression analysis to identify the relationship between the three servicescape dimensions and tourist behaviour. The results show that these dimensions explain 67 percent of the variation in tourist behaviour. Among the predictors, complementary offerings were found to have the strongest influence, followed by the social and physical environments. These findings confirm that the servicescape framework is effective in explaining behavioural responses in a rural coastal context. The study contributes to tourism management by showing that enhancing complementary facilities, maintaining a clean physical setting, and improving staff interaction can increase visitor satisfaction and loyalty. The results also provide practical guidance for local tourism operators and policymakers to design services that meet tourists’ expectations and promote sustainable visitation at Chenang Beach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadhilah Zainal Abidin, Nurul Iman Qistina Fadzil Ishkandar, Nurul Saadiah Zainuddin, Siti Aminatasha Hafizal, I Gede Gian Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
CHALLENGES IN THE APPROVAL PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT PLANS VIA THE ONE STOP CENTRE (OSC) 3.0 PLUS BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN PERAK
Concerns about delays in obtaining Local Authority approvals for property development have been widely discussed by scholars in Malaysia and abroad. In response, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia (KPKT) introduced the One Stop Centre (OSC) system in 2007. The system has since evolved, with OSC 2.0, OSC 3.0, and OSC 3.0 Plus launched in 2010, 2014, and 2020, respectively. This paper investigates the challenges arising after the implementation of OSC 3.0 Plus, focusing on three main objectives: (1) scrutinising the agreement levels of the OSC 3.0 Plus process; (2) identifying implementation issues, and (3) suggesting improvements. The scope of this research encompasses four local authorities in Perak that are experiencing rapid growth in the Perak development corridor. The research employs a quantitative approach of open-ended questionnaires. To validate the issues identified in the literature and media, a pilot study was conducted with relevant staff from Taiping Town Council. The refined questionnaires were then distributed to stakeholders from Ipoh City Council, Manjung Town Council, Taiping Town Council, Telok Intan Town Council, OSC secretariats, and relevant external government technical agencies and consultants. The findings indicate that most respondents generally agree that the OSC 3.0 Plus system enhances the efficiency of development plan approvals. Nevertheless, based on respondents’ feedback, certain aspects still require closer examination to streamline further OSC 3.0 Plus procedures, such as the prevailing perception of the OSC system, reducing the number of technical agencies involved, and allowing new comments after the OSC meeting decision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yazid Sarkom, Dr. Mimi Zaleha Abdul Ghani, Hikmah Kamarudin, Ahmad Fairoz Abu Kassim, Mohd Nadzari Mohd Jalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Examining Personal Determinants of Mobile Payment Adoption: Evidence from Malaysian Micro Agro entrepreneurs
Mobile payments have grown rapidly as a digital payment system. However, in Malaysia, users remain hesitant to use mobile payment transactions. This study explores the influence of Mobile Usefulness (MU) and Mobile Ease of Use (ME) on Mobile Payment Adoption (MP) within the framework of the Mobile Technology Acceptance Model (MTAM). Both key personal determinants influence the adoption of mobile payment among micro agro entrepreneurs. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through a questionnaire and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) version 4.0. Overall, the findings affirm that mobile payment adoption is strongly driven by personal perceptions of mobile usefulness and mobile ease of use, which explain approximately 49.6 percent of the variance. This study contributes empirical evidence for the Mobile Technology Acceptance Model (MTAM) and provides practical insights for local authorities, policymakers, service providers, and financial institutions seeking to strengthen Malaysia’s digital payment ecosystem among micro agro entrepreneurs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musramaini Mustapha, Mohd Aidil Riduan Awang Kader, Ariff Md Ab Malik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) in Maintenance Works
Maintenance is a common activity across all workplaces and sectors, involving personnel at every level. Maintenance is necessary for preserving safe and healthy working conditions, however, poorly managed maintenance may pose significant health and safety hazards. This study was conducted to identify the potential hazards and evaluate the risks in maintenance works. The data were collected through observation of maintenance works in the workplace during the period of study. The likelihood and severity of the hazards were used to establish the risk assessment, which was then used to determine the risk levels. The results indicated that the identified hazards fell into high (8.6%), medium (57.1%), and low (34.3%) risk levels. Most of the maintenance activities were found to be safe. The high-risk level of hazard occurred during maintenance of the lift and water pipe leakage. The person in charge of the work that involves high risk should be well-trained and competent to prevent accidents among the maintenance workers. Employers must regularly assess and examine all the hazards in order for the planned safety measures to be successful. Implementing precautionary measures and increasing worker familiarity with the standard operating procedure (SOP) can help prevent an accident.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosley Jaafar, Lutfil Hakim Abdul Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0