The Eco-Friendly and Natural Toilet Soap Formulation with Used Cooking Oil

Abstract

The improper disposal of used cooking oil (UCO) significantly contributes to environmental pollution, including water and soil contamination. In Malaysia alone, more than 50,000 tonnes of UCO are discarded annually without proper treatment. This study proposes an environmentally sustainable solution by repurposing UCO into natural toilet soap. To improve skin compatibility and functionality, natural additives—turmeric and cinnamon powders—were incorporated due to their known antioxidant, antimicrobial, colorant, and fragrance properties. The research aims to promote waste valorisation by converting household waste into a skin-safe hygiene product.