Comparative Regeneration of Spent Activated Carbon via Chemical (HCl, NaOH) and Microwave-Assisted Methods

Abstract

The disposal of spent activated carbon (SAC) from water purification systems poses significant environmental and economic challenges. Traditional disposal methods contribute to waste accumulation and resource inefficiency, necessitating sustainable regeneration techniques. This study systematically evaluates the regeneration of SAC using hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and microwave irradiation, aiming to restore its adsorption capacity and support circular economy strategies in water treatment industries.