A Review on Green Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract and Their Photocatalytic Activities

Abstract

The eco-friendly synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts offers a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods, which often involve toxic reagents and produce harmful by-products. This method utilises naturally occurring bioactive compounds in plants, such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids, as reducing and stabilising agents during nanoparticle formation. This approach not only significantly reduces the environmental footprint of nanoparticle synthesis but also improves photocatalytic efficiency by enhancing surface characteristics and crystallinity. These photocatalysts hold strong potential in diverse applications, including wastewater treatment, air purification, and the degradation of organic pollutants, aligning with global sustainability goals.