Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn) in Drinking Water from Dispensers at UiTM Shah Alam

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in drinking water is a major global public health concern, particularly in urban settings and large institutions like universities. This research specifically evaluated Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Manganese (Mn) pollution in drinking water dispensers at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam. Objectives included determining metal concentrations, comparing findings to Malaysian National Drinking Water Quality Standards and WHO guidelines, and identifying predominant contamination pathways within the university's water system.