Chemical Analysis of Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil From Industrial Area in Klang

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soil, particularly in industrial areas, poses a significant threat to the environment and human health. Elevated concentrations of toxic metals such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) are often associated with rapid industrialization and urban development. Many heavy metals are also essential for plants because they act as cofactors, start enzyme reactions, are ductile and conductible, and stabilize cations. However, these metals turn toxic when their concentration is higher than what is required. Essential heavy metal deficiencies affect both agricultural productivity and human health. Non-essential metals can be dangerous even at extremely low concentrations.