A Review of Biomarker in Insulin Resistance Through Metabolomic Perspective

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) is a critical metabolic condition that significantly contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other related disorders. The asymptomatic progression of IR, often undetected until advanced stages, highlights the limitations of traditional biomarkers, which lack the sensitivity and specificity required for early diagnosis. In response, the field of metabolomics has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying novel biomarkers that reflect real-time physiological and pathological changes at the metabolic level. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate metabolomic biomarkers associated with insulin resistance, compare their diagnostic efficacy with conventional markers, and assess their roles in early detection, disease prognosis, and therapeutic advancement.