The Effect of Maternal Depression Towards Infants' Gut Microbiota

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in early life by supporting immune function, metabolic regulation, and neurodevelopment. Emerging research suggests that maternal depression whether during pregnancy or after childbirth may disrupt the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome in infants. This review explores how maternal depression influences infant gut microbiota, with emphasis on pro-inflammatory cytokines, breastfeeding behaviors, and maternal-infant bonding.