A Narrative Review of Microbial Strategies of Medical Waste Degradation

Abstract

Medical waste poses increasing threats to public health and the environment due to its complex composition and persistence. Traditional disposal methods such as incineration and landfilling release harmful byproducts, including microplastics and toxic emissions. Microbial degradation presents a promising sustainable alternative by utilising bacteria and fungi to enzymatically break down hazardous components, particularly plastics and pharmaceutical residues. However, the effectiveness of microbial degradation relies on optimised microbial strains, suitable environmental conditions, and an understanding of enzymatic mechanisms.