Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment
MySE is indexed in MyCite. The Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment (MySE) (e-ISSN: 0128-2417) is a peer reviewed access research publish twice a year in June dan December. The journal is dedicated to various issues focusing on 3 different fields which are Environmental Studies, Green & Sustainable and Urban Studies. MySE is also available at Google Scholar. CLICK HERE TO VISIT MySE OFFICIAL WEBSITE CLICK HERE TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
Myse journal is a scholarly online, open access, peer reviewed journal. Started in June 2023, the Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment┬áis licensed under┬áCC BY-NC-ND 4.0
RECALIBRATING REVERSE MIGRATION FACTORS THROUGH A MACHINE LEARNING MODEL IN MALAYSIA
Reverse migration is the catalyst that reverberates across social, economic, and demographic landscapes, influencing both the destination and origin regions. With an increase of understanding that continues to grow, it is not possible in a resource-constrained world, to assume that rural-to-cities migration will continue to grow indefinitely. It needs to be re-examined. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors that motivate migrants to move from rural-to-cities and back again. As migration predictions are notorious and complex, this study adopted a machine learning technique in predicting reverse migration based on the dataset by the Department of Statistical Malaysia (DOSM). These features and the significance of the reverse migration factors were compared between the three types of tree-based machine learning (Gradient Boosted Trees, Random Forest, and Decision Tree). The results depicted that the ‘destination state’ stood out as the most important feature in all the machine learning reverse migration prediction models. Notably, although this factor exhibited the lowest correlation coefficient in the Random Forest algorithm, the combined contributions of other factors, each with lower coefficient values, collectively rendered Random Forest the most exceptional algorithm, achieving a remarkable accuracy rate of 93.3%. The findings of this study are valuable for authorities in formulating effective strategies for sustainable development, allocating resources, and human settlements in both urban and rural regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain, Suraya Masrom, Thuraiya Mohd, Azreen Anuar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INTEGRATING HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABILITY: A STAKEHOLDER EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE GREEN BUILDING INDEX (GBI) FOR HISTORICAL BUILDINGS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CITIES
The increasing emphasis on sustainable development has led to the integration of green certification systems such as the Green Building Index (GBI) in Malaysia's construction sector. However, the application of GBI in historic building projects presents unique challenges due to the inherent conflict between conservation principles and contemporary sustainability standards. The primary aim of this research is to examine the deficiencies of existing practices, and the issues and challenges associated with the application of the Green Building Index for historical buildings in Malaysia. An interview framework was established by selecting experts and stakeholders from the conservation industry for a session that included a Heritage Conservator and a B03 contractor Project Manager. Interviews were undertaken to gather individuals' thoughts and experiences regarding sustainable practices in heritage conservation initiatives. The findings shows that the challenges mostly stem from concerns related to the predominant emerging themes are: (C1) Regulatory and Principles Constraints; (C2) Technical and Design Constraints; (C3) Lack of Stakeholder Awareness, recorded five times; (C5) Resistance to Change by Stakeholders; (C6) High Initial Cost, recorded three times; and finally, (C4) Lack of Incentives, recorded two times. Thus, there is an urgent necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration in the creation of heritage-sensitive green technologies that honour sustainability objectives and conservation ethics, alongside integrated governance models that foster synergy rather than discord between conservation and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Nurfaisal Baharuddin, Nur Fadhilah Bahardin, Siti Farrah Zaini, Kartina Alaudin, Alif Syazani Leman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVERSIDE RESIDENTIAL AREAS: A CASE STUDY IN THE BATANG ARAU WATERSHED, PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Riverside settlements play a crucial role in urban development, providing economic opportunities and social interactions while facing environmental challenges. This study examines the characteristics of riverside residential areas in two sub-districts (Berok Nipah and Koto Baru Nan XX) located in the Batang Arau Watershed, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Using a case study approach, the research analyzes settlement patterns, infrastructure conditions, socio-economic dynamics, and environmental impacts. Findings indicate that Berok Nipah exhibits a dense, linear settlement pattern with poor infrastructure, high flood risks, and inadequate sanitation, while Koto Baru Nan XX has a more irregular layout with better vegetation cover. The main challenges include unregulated waste disposal, poor drainage systems, and frequent flooding, which impact residents' quality of life. Despite these issues, strong community interactions and economic activities, such as trade and tourism, contribute to local resilience. To ensure the sustainability of riverside settlements in Batang Arau, integrated urban planning, improved infrastructure, and environmental conservation are essential. Strengthening disaster resilience and increasing community awareness will help balance urban growth with ecological preservation, fostering a more sustainable and livable riverfront environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desy Aryanti, Sri Suryani, Yulianti, Afdal Nazmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHARACTERISTICS FOR CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING TO MALAYSIAN HERITAGE
Cultural landscapes reflect the dynamic interplay between human societies and the natural environment, embodying both tangible and intangible heritage values. While globally acknowledged, cultural landscapes remain absent from the scope of Malaysia’s National Heritage Act 2005, limiting their recognition and legal protection. This study addresses this gap by objectively investigating the characteristics that define cultural landscapes and evaluating their relevance within the Malaysian heritage context. Adopting a two-phase qualitative methodology, the study first conducted a comparative review of heritage frameworks from five selected countries, where cultural landscapes are formally recognised. This review identified six core characteristics: site, human activities, time or age cultural features, natural resources, and wildlife. These characteristics informed the second phase of the study, involving semi-structured interviews with five heritage and landscape experts in Malaysia. Thematic analysis of expert insights confirmed seven characteristics are relevance to the Malaysian context, with sense of place emerging as additional characteristic, encompassing local experience, memory, and community attachment. By proposing a framework for identifying cultural landscapes in Malaysia, this research advocates for the integration of cultural landscapes into the national heritage register as a means of safeguarding historically significant environments shaped by human-nature interaction and offers a foundation for more inclusive and sustainable approaches to heritage conservation in Malaysia. While this study demonstrates a comprehensive list to identify cultural landscape characteristics, it is limited by guiding documents to interpret the characteristics in existing legal frameworks in Malaysia for comparison with other countries. Nevertheless, present research would be beneficial in providing interpretations of cultural landscape characteristics and context in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Farrah Zaini, Mohd Nurfaisal Baharuddin, Nor Atiah Ismail, Nur Fadhilah Bahardin, Mariaty Mohd Bahari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CASE STUDY-CENTRED APPROACH TO THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSES: THE SINGLE CASE OF TOK ABU BAKAR ALANG KETAK (TABAK)
Adaptive reuse represents a sustainable conservation strategy that safeguards the cultural and historical significance of traditional buildings while accommodating contemporary needs. This study adopts a case study-centred approach to examine the adaptive reuse of the Tok Abu Bakar Alang Ketak (TABAK) house, a significant traditional Malay dwelling located in Bota, Perak, Malaysia. As a representative example of Malay vernacular architecture, the TABAK house embodies cultural values, environmental responsiveness, and heritage identity. However, like many heritage structures, it is vulnerable to neglect and obsolescence due to evolving socio-economic dynamics. This single case study investigates the adaptation of the TABAK house for modern functions without compromising its architectural integrity. The research explores its transformation from a private residence into a multifunctional space encompassing a gallery, research centre, community hub, academic facility, and historical workshop venue. Findings reveal that, when approached with cultural sensitivity and architectural respect, adaptive reuse can successfully preserve key elements of traditional Malay settings while ensuring ongoing relevance and utility. By focusing on a detailed case, this research contributes to broader discussions on sustainable heritage management and offers practical insights for future efforts in the adaptive reuse of traditional Malay houses across Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kartina Alauddin, Yuhainis Abdul Talib, Mohd Nurfaisal Baharuddin, Kharizam Ismail, Nor Aini Salleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMMUNITY-DRIVEN CONSERVATION OF PANTAI KELANANG’S DARK SKIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ASTRO-TOURISM
Dark sky conservation is crucial for sustainable tourism, especially with the rise of astro-tourism. While many countries in Europe and North America have integrated dark sky initiatives through governance and community participation, similar efforts in Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, remain limited. Light pollution from urban expansion, unregulated lighting, and development threatens stargazing opportunities and ecological balance. Hence, this study aims to explore community-driven strategies for dark sky conservation that support sustainable astro-tourism of Pantai Kelanang as a pilot site. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, including site observation, expert interviews, community surveys, and secondary data analysis, the study found strong public interest in stargazing, with 78.8% supporting related events and 69.7% advocating for light pollution reduction. Recommendations include zoning enforcement, improved infrastructure, and educational programs to enhance community involvement. Although limited by a small sample size and single-round observation, the study provides valuable insights into Pantai Kelanang’s potential as a sustainable astro-tourism destination and serves as a foundation for future research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raziah Ahmad, Robi’atul Al-Adawiyah Khairul Izam, Suriati Ahmad, Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ENHANCING COMMUNITY LIVEABILITY IN BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK: IDENTIFYING KEY LEARNING AREAS AND GAPS THROUGH FACTOR ANALYSIS
Active community engagement plays a crucial role in fostering inclusivity and enhancing liveability. However, creating a liveable community presents challenges due to the complexity of liveability indices and the diverse range of indicators shaped by regional and cultural variations. In line with this ethos, this study endeavours to elucidate liveability indicators from the community's perspective using factor analysis. The data acquisition techniques encompassed both traditional and online methodologies, with respondents comprising 19 from face-to-face surveys and 31 from Google Forms. The survey outcomes illuminate several factors, notably safety, education, income, environmental quality, and well-being, which emerge as pivotal indicators in constituting a liveable community. These findings substantiate the community's articulated concerns, needs, and aspirations, underscoring the imperative to align with, embrace, and welcome these perspectives within the planning framework. Our present understanding of what characterizes a liveable community appears poised for further refinement and enrichment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Hisham Md Saman, Norhidayah Salleh, Mohamad Sofiyuddin Sanusi, Syazwani Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE PATTERN OF HERITAGE MOSQUE EXPANSION IN MELAKA AND ITS IMPACT ON CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
Mosque expansion is commonly done to accommodate growing congregations and improve facilities. However, for heritage mosques, expansion poses challenges by potentially affecting their cultural significance. This study examines the expansion patterns of Sino-Eclectic heritage mosques in Melaka and their impact on form, fabric, and function. Using qualitative methods, including observation and expert interviews, four case studies—Kampung Hulu Mosque, Tengkera Mosque, Kampung Duyong Mosque, and Serkam Pantai Mosque—were analysed. Findings show that expansions primarily occur at the left, right, and front verandas, rather than the qibla wall. Two approaches were identified: direct extensions from the original structure and separate structures connected by narrow pathways. These expansions affect architectural value by reducing appreciation for the original design while enhancing functionality. Roof shape, size, placement, and colour influence architectural perception. This study provides guidance on compatible expansions, emphasizing a balance between preserving tangible and intangible heritage values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahrudin Mohamed Som, Mohammad Rusdi Mohd Nasir, Wan Saiful Nizam Wan Mohamad, Izati Nabila Marzuki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTING THE GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN THE EAST COAST REGION
The implementation of the green building concept for human life creates cleaner and healthier environments for people to live in. However, this does not imply that everyone is interested in implementing the green construction concept by putting it into practice, as numerous obstacles are involved. Notably, insufficient research into the effects of implementing green building practices in the East Coast area has been identified. Accordingly, this study focuses on Kelantan city. The selected research methodology applies a structured interview conducted among the construction players involved in the green building project. The data collected was analysed using an ATLAS.ti tool. The findings show that several impacts of implementing the green building concept are helping to reduce energy and waste, upgrading the construction industry, reducing air or water pollution, and helping to attract professional teams to work in Kelantan, thus, achieving more sustainable development of construction projects in Kelantan city and increasing the supply of local green material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Izatul Farrita Mohd Kamar, Nor Suzila Lop, Tanti Lyana Farisha Mohd Zulkarnain, Wahyudi P Utama, Putranesia Thaha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PREDICTIVE CLASSIFICATION MODELLING OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PRACTICES USING ONLINE TRAVEL AGENT PLATFORM: A MALAYSIAN CASE STUDY
Tourism is a key pillar of Malaysia’s economy, recognized in the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) as one of the 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) that contribute to high-income status. However, the sector faces challenges, particularly in accommodation, due to environmental concerns and difficulties in measuring sustainable tourism. This study applies supervised machine learning classification techniques to develop a predictive model that classifies future sustainable tourism practices within Malaysia’s accommodation sector. Using data from an Online Travel Agent (OTA) platform, the model addresses data gaps and provides valuable insights for informed decision-making, aligned with the environmental conservation. The research is divided into four phases: literature review, data collection via web scraping, data modelling, and model evaluation. As the outcome, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model with 22 sets of features outperformed others, achieving an F1-score of 58%, recall of 83%, and Precision Recall Area Under the Curve (PRAUC) of 65%. These findings enhance both the understanding and forecasting of sustainability trends in tourist accommodation using online data.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fiza Abdul Rahim, Nazmirul Izzad Nassir, Raja Marzyani Raja Mazlan, Ramona Ramli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESIDENTS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVED HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Solid waste management is a major environmental challenge facing most developing countries. The goal of this study is to identify the factors that influence residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved solid waste management in Shah Alam city, Malaysia and Ibadan city, Nigeria. A total of 440 residents were randomly selected across residential neigbourhoods in the two cities. The contingent valuation method (CVM) involving two hypothetical improved service scenarios in waste management were used to estimate WTP. Binary logit regression analysis technique was employed to determine factors that influence residents’ WTP. Findings from the study revealed that on average, residents from Shah Alam city are willing to pay RM58.47 (USD$12.2) for the proposed service improvement in waste management, while Ibadan city residents are willing to pay ₦4,796 (USD$ 3.4). In terms of factors that influence WTP for improved SWM, results showed that income, household size, and educational qualifications have significant influence on WTP for improved SWM in both cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Eeda Haji Ali, Nurain Mohd Talmizi, Syazwani Ahmad, Siti Kartina Juhari, Stephen Enyinnaya Eluwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF MATERIAL WASTE AND ITS ROOT CAUSES IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION USING PARETO AND FISHBONE FRAMEWORK
Material waste is one of the most persistent issues affecting the efficiency, cost, and sustainability of construction projects. In large-scale bridge construction, excessive waste not only escalates project costs but also undermines environmental performance and resource utilization. This study quantitatively evaluates the types, magnitude, and root causes of material waste in the construction of the Main Bridge (MB) STA 6+876, part of the Sigli-Banda Aceh Toll Road project in Indonesia. A descriptive quantitative approach utilised primary data from 70 respondents (owners, contractors, and consultants) and secondary data from project documentation and cost estimates (BoQ). The analysis employed the Pareto method to identify dominant waste contributors, a Fishbone Diagram to determine causal factors, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to validate the descriptive results. The Pareto analysis revealed that deformed steel bars (BJTD 40) accounted for 84.17% of total material waste costs, followed by structural concrete class B-1-1a at 14.78%. The Fishbone analysis identified unexpected site conditions (weather and soil), errors in ordering and delivery, and inadequate material storage as the primary causes of waste generation. SPSS analysis confirmed the statistical dominance of these factors, supporting the reliability and validity of the findings. The results emphasized the need for enhanced accuracy in material planning, procurement, supervision, workforce training, and risk mitigation. This integrated framework is recommended as a practical reference for improving material efficiency and reducing waste in future infrastructure projects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafnidar A Rani, Tamalkhani Syammaun, Firmansyah Rachman, Iswan Bahagia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION TOOL FOR ASSESSING BIOGAS POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC WASTE MIXTURES
Biogas production has become an increasingly important option for addressing the challenges particularly in organic waste management and renewable energy generation. While Anaerobic Digestion (AD) offers a sustainable waste-to-energy solution, optimising the co-digestion process of different substrates remains a challenge. Traditional methods for determining optimal feedstock ratios and operational parameters rely on laboratory-based experiments which are often resource intensive, time consuming, and costly. To address this limitation, this study presents a simplified MATLAB-based simulation tool designed to estimate methane yield without the need for complex kinetic parameters. The tool is designed for accessibility and utilises secondary experimental data to predict biogas potential cost-effectively. The simulation results demonstrated that the 75:25 (DW:FVW) mixture achieved the highest efficiency, recording a yield of 0.0791 L/gVS which is 26% improvement compared to mono-digestion of Fruit Waste. The results indicate that the tool effectively captures the synergistic effects of co-digestion, providing logical trends in methane production that is consistent with biological principles. By offering a user-friendly interface for rapid feasibility assessment, this tool serves as a decision support system for researchers and small-scale biogas operators which enables them to optimise waste management strategies without the need for complex equipment or extensive physical trials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Nabila Mohamed, Farah Nurqismina Rozidi, Yulianta Siregar, Dedet Candra Riawan, Muldi Yuhendri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ASSESSING THE ERGONOMIC CONDITIONS OF KELINGKAN EMBROIDERERS’ WORKSPACES IN KELANTAN
Kelingkan embroidery is a heritage textile craft in Malaysia that involves intricate stitching of flat metallic threads onto delicate fabrics. This study examines the ergonomic conditions in the work environments of Kelingkan embroiderers in Kelantan, focusing on physical and environmental factors such as seating, posture, repetitive movements, lighting, ventilation, temperature, noise, and workspace layout. Workplace observations and semi-structured interviews were used to document daily work practices and identify common challenges, including musculoskeletal discomfort associated with prolonged seated work and forward-bending postures, repetitive hand movements, eye strain related to sustained visual focus, and glare from reflective metallic threads. The study also records artisans’ self-initiated coping strategies used to maintain comfort. Based on the findings, design improvements are proposed that align with the artisans’ anthropometric measurements and working needs, aiming to enhance well-being, productivity, and work quality and to support the continuity of Kelingkan embroidery as cultural heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nik Nur Aina Nik Ubaidilah, Ahmad Faisol Yusof, Mayamin Yuhaniz, Iryani Abdul Halim Choo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: DEVELOPMENT OF A PRELIMINARY SET OF INDICATORS
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have increasingly pursued sustainability in alignment with global declarations such as the 1977 Tbilisi Declaration, the 1990 Talloires Declaration, and the 2005 UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. Despite these initiatives, many campuses remain far from being sustainable, as challenges of global warming and climate change persist. Various studies have developed sustainability indicators tailored to international and regional contexts to assess institutional performance. This paper seeks to establish a preliminary set of sustainability performance indicators (PIs) specific to Nigerian HEIs. Using a systematic desk research approach, existing sustainability assessment tools (SATs) were reviewed, resulting in the selection of 12 SATs encompassing 320 indicators. From these, 43 indicators relevant to the Nigerian context were identified. Also, "sewage disposal" was included as a critical local factor, bringing the total to 44 preliminary PIs. The findings demonstrate that contextual factors, including purpose, developmental stage, institutional background, and focus, significantly shape PIs. Nigerian HEIs are in the preliminary stages of sustainability application, hence the contextualised indicators proposed in this study aim to strengthen localised sustainability actions. Understanding the current phase of sustainability development and strategically applying these indicators can enhance the capacity of Nigeria's HEIs, particularly in the context of early adopters such as those in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iyeke Omagbemi Aimuanmwosa, Kuan Yew Wong, Ayodeji Sulaiman, Olawore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EXPLORING PLACE ATTACHMENT FACTORS IN HERITAGE-BASED URBAN PARKS OF BANDA ACEH (CASE STUDY: BUSTANUSSALATIN, PUTROE PHANG, AND SARI GUNONGAN)
An adequate and high-quality public space is characterized by the diversity of activities, the availability of spaces that facilitate social interaction, and the alignment with individual perceptions. To accommodate these aspects, cities introduce urban parks as a medium for outdoor spatial engagement. As a social community, people perceive urban parks as vibrant and meaningful when a sense of attachment and frequent social interactions occur within these spaces. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify and evaluate the factors influencing place attachment in the urban parks of Banda Aceh. A quantitative research design was employed, involving the distribution of questionnaires across three major parks, followed by an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to extract the underlying dimensions of place attachment. The findings reveal seven newly derived factors from the initial ten dimensions of place attachment. Among these, the quality and interactional characteristics of the environment emerged as the most dominant component, with an eigenvalue of 7.87, signifying its pivotal role in shaping visitors’ sense of place attachment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulya Ananda Permatasari, Mirza Irwansyah, Evalina Zuraidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL WISDOM FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN GAMPONG NUSA, ACEH BESAR
Gampong Nusa in Aceh Besar Regency possesses considerable tourism potential due to its natural landscape and entrenched local wisdom, yet this potential has not been fully leveraged to enhance community welfare. This research systematically investigates the elements of local wisdom that can support sustainable tourism initiatives in the village. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through field observations, semi-structured interviews with residents and tourism stakeholders, and descriptive analysis to evaluate both opportunities and constraints. The results indicate four primary pillars of local wisdom: (1) communal cultural traditions, (2) local culinary practices, (3) traditional handicrafts, and (4) historical heritage. These pillars provide a foundation for integrated tourism packages that combine cultural, gastronomic, craft, and heritage experiences, contributing to local income generation while safeguarding cultural identity and ecological balance. The study proposes a conceptual framework for embedding local wisdom into community-based sustainable tourism, offering both practical guidance for destination development and a theoretical model applicable to other regions with similar socio-cultural and environmental profiles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alifa Diansafira, Mirza Fuady, Laina Hilma sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE AIR QUALITY AND THERMAL COMFORT IN A WOMEN’S FITNESS CENTER IN BANDA ACEH
This study aims to evaluate the current air quality conditions and temperature comfort at the Zumba Wawa Barata women's fitness centre in Banda Aceh. The method used is quantitative descriptive through direct field measurement of temperature, air humidity level, CO₂ content, PM₂.₅ concentration, and calculation of the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index, accompanied by a survey of user comfort perceptions. Measurement results show that the temperature in the gym and exercise room reaches 35–39 °C, exceeding the ASHRAE 55 comfortable standard, which sets the range at 22–26 °C. The humidity level is recorded in the range of 50–70%, slightly exceeding the ideal limit of 30–60%, while the CO₂ level (381–435 ppm) is still within the safe threshold of ASHRAE 62.1 (≤1000 ppm). PM₂.₅ concentration experiences a drastic surge to >800 µg/m³ during peak hours (16:00–18:00), far exceeding the WHO standard of 25 µg/m³ (24 hours) and indicating very unhealthy air quality due to the accumulation of dust particles, sweat, and a less-than-optimal air circulation system. The WBGT index shows a value of 28–30.7 °C, exceeding the NIOSH limit of 26–28 °C, indicating a risk of heat stress during moderate to high-intensity activities. The conclusion of this study indicates that the air quality and temperature comfort conditions at the fitness centre do not yet meet health and comfort standards. The recommendations provided include improving the natural and mechanical ventilation systems, regulating the number of participants per training session, and regularly monitoring air quality to create a healthy and comfortable exercise environment for women.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizki Putri Pona, Laina Hilma Sari, Irin Caisarina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INTERPRETING PERI-URBAN LANDSCAPE CHANGES THROUGH GOVERNANCE AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTION IN HULU LANGAT, MALAYSIA
Peri-urban landscapes represent dynamic frontiers of urbanisation where ecological systems, rural livelihoods, and development pressures converge. In Malaysia, these transitional zones are undergoing rapid transformation, particularly around the Klang Valley, where development intensity continues to reshape physical and cultural landscapes. Although spatial studies using remote sensing have extensively documented land-use and land-cover (LULC) change, far less is known about how such transformations are perceived by communities and how governance quality influences those perceptions. This study investigates the perceived drivers of landscape change in Hulu Langat sub-district and examines the influence of governance, policy, and institutional factors on community perception. Using a quantitative survey of 404 residents, descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to rank perceived causes and identify significant predictors of overall perception. Weighted scoring identified population increase, urban sprawl, and governance quality as the three most influential drivers. The multiple regression model (F (5,400) = 3.425, p = 0.005, R² = 0.041) revealed that governance and policy (β = 0.111, p = 0.040) were the only statistically significant predictors of perceived landscape change. The findings suggest that residents interpret landscape transformation less through its physical expansion and more through the credibility, transparency, and consistency of local governance. Strengthening institutional coordination and participatory mechanisms is therefore essential to improve community trust and policy legitimacy. The study concludes that sustainable management of Malaysia’s peri-urban landscapes requires governance frameworks that are not only technically sound but also socially responsive, aligning with the broader goals of inclusive and transparent urban sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masbiha Mat Isa, Nor Atiah Ismail, Noor Fazamimah Mohd Ariffin, Maizura Mazlan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LANDSCAPE ART INSTALLATIONS IN URBAN PARKS: ENHANCING ELDERLY WELL-BEING THROUGH IMPORTANCE–PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Many countries have incorporated the design of landscape art installations in urban parks to increase the diversity of park landscapes and enrich the activities of visitors within the park. The main visitors to urban parks are the elderly. However, in urban areas, the lack of public resources limits the opportunities for the elderly to participate in physical exercise and social and recreational activities. Urban parks, as important public spaces, are crucial to the physical and mental health and well-being of the elderly. Most researchers have investigated the impact of urban park recreational spaces on the elderly, but few have examined the impact of landscape art installations in urban parks on the happiness of the elderly. Therefore, this study used importance-satisfaction analysis to quantitatively assess the impact of four elements of landscape art installations in urban parks on the elderly. Through a questionnaire survey of 401 elderly people, the importance and satisfaction of landscape art installations in urban parks were evaluated. In terms of data analysis, SPSS statistical software was used to process the questionnaire data, calculate the importance and satisfaction scores of each installation element, and compare the differences between the two to determine the elements that need improvement. The findings provide evidence-based guidance for age-friendly renewal practices of landscape art installations in urban parks in Shanghai, contributing to improved satisfaction of the elderly with the use of urban park landscape art installations, and enhancing the happiness of the elderly.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lijun Shi, Wan Srihani Wan Mohamed, Athira Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A NEW URBAN LIFESTYLE: DETERMINATIONS OF CO-LIVING ADOPTION AMONG GENERATION Z
As housing affordability becomes an increasing problem, especially for young adults, alternative housing models such as co-living are becoming a viable solution. Against the backdrop of rising housing costs and increasing urbanisation, this study assesses the factors influencing the acceptance of co-living by Generation Z in Ipoh, Perak, where few studies focus on secondary cities in Southeast Asia. Using a quantitative research approach, data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to respondents aged 18-27 years. The study analysed the data from 108 usable responses with SPSS Statistics version 28 using a t-test analysis. The results show that four key factors (i) facilities and amenities offered, (ii) financial considerations, (iii) location accessibility, and (iv) social interaction have a significant impact on Gen Z’s acceptance of co-living. In particular, (i) community services, (ii) financial savings, (iii) distance to city centre, (iv) meeting new people, (v) avoiding loneliness, and (vi) YOLO lifestyle resulted significantly. The results provide guidance to developers, stakeholders, and policy makers in designing residential environments that meet the preferences of young adults. In addition, the findings contribute to the limited literature on the acceptability of co-living in secondary cities. Policy makers should consider the possibility of promoting co-living for young people through development plans or tax incentives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Senawi, Syahmimi Ayuni Ramli, Nurul Afiqa Farhani Mohd Sufian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GREEN SPACES DESIGN IN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS: A REVIEW OF LANDSCAPE PRACTICE OF SUSTAINABILITY AND STUDENTS’ WELL-BEING
This study explores the design characteristics of green spaces in Malaysian universities and their influence on students’ well-being. The research aims to identify key landscape features that contribute to sustainability and user satisfaction within higher education campuses. A systematic literature review was conducted, covering 50 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 across major academic databases. The analysis revealed that integrating both softscape and hardscape elements, such as vegetation, water features, pathways, and seating, plays a vital role in enhancing environmental quality and psychological restoration. The findings highlight the importance of accessibility, diversity, and the aesthetic balance of green spaces in shaping sustainable and student-centred campus environments. The study provides practical insights for university planners and architects to improve campus liveability and promote well-being through evidence-based landscape design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayah Z A Sadeq, Wan Norisma Wan Ismail, Azhani Abd. Manaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EMPOWERING HOMES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF RESIDENTIAL SOLAR ENERGY IN MALAYSIA
This study examines the socioeconomic and environmental advantages of adopting home solar energy in Malaysia. The research is driven by the increasing global focus on renewable energy sources to address climate change and diminish reliance on fossil fuels. Notwithstanding Malaysia's potential for solar energy, the adoption of household solar systems remains constrained. The study examines the issue of insufficient solar energy utilisation in Malaysian households, which impedes economic savings for families and broader environmental objectives. This study aims to analyse the effects of home solar systems on household energy expenses, gauge public awareness of the benefits of solar energy, and examine the environmental advantages associated with solar energy utilization. A mixed-methods approach was employed to collect data via surveys and interviews with homeowners who have installed solar panels. The results indicate substantial decreases in electricity expenses, a high degree of user satisfaction, and large reductions in carbon emissions. The report advocates for enhanced government incentives, public awareness initiatives, and optimised installation procedures to promote broader adoption of solar technology in residential sectors. These strategies are essential for improving energy sustainability and securing enduring socioeconomic and environmental advantages for Malaysian communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farihah Hassan, Suzei Mat Nurudin, Zarina Mohd Zain, Reza Fathurrahman, Mohd Zainuddin Awang Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS IN CHINA AND MALAYSIA
The current research provides a comparative overview of Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) investigations in China and Malaysia covering the time period of 2010 to 2024. The PRISMA framework was applied for the analysis of 61 empirical studies 45 from China and 16 from Malaysia. Both countries aim at sustainability but emphasize different aspects in their research, which is impacted by climate, socio-economic factors, and policy frameworks. Chinese research, which is backed by a government initiative, points at environmental impacts like thermal regulation, air quality, and carbon reduction. Malaysian research, though limited, emphasizes passive cooling, thermal comfort, and cost-effectiveness in a tropical climate. The Chinese research is mostly in the field of environmental sciences with 28.9% of the total while Malaysia has a more even representation of environmental, architectural, and interdisciplinary fields (each 18.8%). In terms of focus, Chinese studies dominate with environmental aspects (51.1%), whereas Malaysian studies share between economic (50.0%) and social benefits (31.2%). The results indicate that climate and governance are factors that determine VGS research direction and application. China has managed to integrate urban areas on a large scale, whereas Malaysia still struggles with policy and maintenance issues. The impact of this study is that it sets the stage for cross-country learning in order to promote the adoption of sustainable urban development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yi Huan, Azmiah Abd-Ghafar, Aini Jasmin Ghazalli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GLOBAL RESEARCH TRENDS ON GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Green technology plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainability within the construction and manufacturing sectors. Growing global awareness of carbon emission reduction has accelerated research efforts to develop low impact and resource efficient solutions. This study applies a bibliometric approach to examine global research trends, thematic evolution, and the scientific impact of green technology. A total of 227 publications indexed in the Web of Science database were analysed using RStudio and VOSviewer. The results reveal three developmental phases; the Early Growth Phase (2009–2013), the Major Growth Phase (2014–2018), and the Rapid Development Phase (2019–2025), with the latter showing a sharp increase in publication output, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Dominant research themes include performance optimization, energy efficiency, environmental impact assessment, and resource management. Civil engineering, environmental sciences, and multidisciplinary domains contribute substantially to this knowledge base. Thematic and keyword analyses indicate a future research direction emphasizing regulatory policy transformation, green product innovation, life cycle assessment, and smart, energy-efficient systems, underscoring Asia’s emerging leadership in sustainable industrial innovation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wisnu Prayogo, Ridho Azahar, Harry Wibowo, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Wahyu Ratnaningsih, Muh. Ilham Anggamulia, Liana Atika, Rifka Noor Azizah, Dion Awfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INNOVATIVE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY FOR MALAYSIAN TEXTILE EXHIBITION GUIDELINES
The integration of technology into cultural institutions is increasingly vital in modern architecture. This research focuses on creating a conceptual framework for innovative display technologies tailored to Malaysia's heritage textile exhibitions. The goal is to enhance exhibition quality, engage visitors, and address challenges like modernization and cultural identity loss. Malaysia’s textile heritage, including batik and songket, plays a significant role in its cultural and tourism landscape. However, the lack of research on display technologies in cultural exhibitions has hindered the development of immersive experiences. Most studies focus on commercial or residential architecture, leaving a gap in the cultural sector. This study bridges that gap by reviewing existing literature, analysing Malaysian exhibition spaces, and exploring global best practices. Quantitative research further identifies display technologies suited to Malaysia's textile heritage by comparing overseas precedent studies from literature reviews with local case studies in Malaysia. The guidelines emphasize cultural sensitivity and community involvement, ensuring exhibitions are authentic and engaging. By integrating modern innovations, the findings offer practical solutions for architects, planners, and stakeholders to design spaces that celebrate heritage textiles and enhance visitor experiences. These technologies can preserve traditions, enrich cultural narratives, and set new standards for exhibition design in Malaysia. This research highlights the importance of balancing technology with cultural preservation, creating spaces that reflect and sustain Malaysia’s identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Noramira Azhar, Amirul Amin Ismail, Nor Syamimi Samsudin, Farid Al Hakeem Yuserrie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BUS TERMINAL ARCHITECTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHALLENGES
An effective transportation system is primarily attributable to well-designed terminal architecture. It has been established that poor terminal structure hindered commuters’ patronage, especially people with disabilities. The arrangement and quality of services provided at the terminal, which encompasses all terminal user categories, determine the degree of patronage from commuters. As considered one of the most important sustainable transportation, the development of adequate road terminals has been thriving over the last decade, especially in the densely populated cities of Nigeria. This paper explores the impact of Nigeria's road terminal on achieving a sustainable transport system. The methodology employed information gathering from literature and different bus terminals in Nigeria. The results of the empirical study confirmed that service quality can be conceptualized as functional service quality, technical service quality, comfort and cleanness, and service planning and reliability. It has positive effects on reuse intention by enhancing customer satisfaction, as customer satisfaction has an intermediary effect on passengers' repurchase intention. This study contributes to transport agencies analysing the relationship between service quality attributes and passengers’ reuse intention for improving the supplied service, increasing ridership, and implementing the sustainable transport policy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sambo Zainab Sani, Muhammad Zaly Shah, Bayero Salih Fara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR ASSESSING DEFECTS IN UITM: THE SWOT AND SURVEY RESEARCH APPROACHES
In Malaysia, the maintenance of public university buildings is crucial in ensuring functionality, safety and security towards the establishment of a conducive learning environment for students and staff. Building maintenance involves a comprehensive process that includes defect identification, severity assessment, and the subsequent recommendation of appropriate solutions. Defects pose a prevalent challenge in Malaysian public university buildings, potentially causing significant damage if not promptly identified and rectified. These issues may arise from various factors, such as poor design, construction errors, and a lack of maintenance. The current approach to developing building maintenance practices for defect assessment in Malaysian public university buildings relies on manual inspections, which are often time-consuming, expensive, and less accurate. This paper aims to discuss the differences between the existing building maintenance practices and the potential of sustainable building maintenance practices for defect assessment in Malaysian public universities through SWOT analysis and questionnaires. This paper will compare current conventional maintenance practices with sustainable maintenance practices to identify prominent defects in Malaysian public universities and investigate common building maintenance practices to address these issues. It will then suggest significant sustainable building maintenance practices to address these defects. A case study and questionnaire were conducted at a public university in Shah Alam, Selangor, focusing on a sustainable maintenance practice for assessing defects at the university. SWOT analysis was applied in order to highlight the strength, weakness, opportunitie, and threat of each maintenance practices for the best application in mitigating the issues of building defects in the university. The results also suggest that by implementing sustainable maintenance practices in the buildings will not only address current defects but also contribute to mitigating potential issues in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaimah Zainal Abidin, Nur Azfahani Ahmad, Nor Rima Muhamad Arif, Wan Norizan Wan Ismail, Desy Aryanti S.T.M.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMPARISON OF MALAYSIA'S BUILDING REGULATIONS REGARDING MEANS OF ESCAPE ROUTES IN STUDENT HOSTELS
A student hostel is an accommodation provided by educational institutions, offering shared living spaces for students. It needs to comply with building standards and safety features. Fire incidents in a student hostel can negatively impact students' futures. Tragic instances, such as the fire at the Madrasah Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah in 2017 and a similar incident in Georgetown, Guyana, highlighted the importance of these safety measures. Due to this, the Twelfth Malaysia Plan mandates measures to address outdated and unsafe buildings, particularly student hostels. Buildings constructed based on outdated standards may not meet current requirements. Therefore, this research aims to identify the design criteria of means of escape and to evaluate the changes in Uniform Building By-Law provisions regarding means of escape. A qualitative approach is used for data collection via evaluating archival documents and expert validation. The building standards compared are the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 as of 2015 and Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 as of 2022. The collected data is analysed using content analysis that integrates passive and active fire protection by distinguishing the means of escape requirements prescribed in both building regulations. The analysis identified seven design criteria for safe escape routes: travel distance, door, exit, staircase, emergency lighting, communication, power system, signage, and fire-fighting requirements. This research provides valuable insights for designers and policymakers by highlighting regulatory changes such as newly added, removed, substituted, amended, and maintained prescriptive requirements. By shedding light on the motivations behind these changes, this research could impact future updates to building laws.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adnin Syaza Jaafar, Yuhainis Abdul Talib, Asmat Ismail, Muhammad Anas Othman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING DIFFERENT REPAIR MATERIALS
Concrete structures are susceptible to degradation due to external forces and environmental factors, leading to the formation of cracking and spalling. Moreover, the deterioration of concrete, particularly the cover that protects the reinforcing bars, can be attributed to inadequate raw material selection, poor mixture design, and an irregular construction process. These faults reduce the longevity of the structure and result in the structure becoming unserviceable during operation. To successfully address these concerns, it is imperative to promptly undertake concrete repairs to reinstate the safety and functionality of the structures, hence prolonging their operational lifespan. This study aims to ascertain the mechanical characteristics of normal concrete for repair purposes and examine the transport qualities of concrete when applying various repair materials. The inquiry methodology consisted of two distinct phases. The first phase focused on analysing the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. The second phase consisted of investigating the mechanical properties of concrete after being exposed to environmental conditions for 60 days. Three distinct categories of repair materials were chosen, including epoxy, paint, and mortar It has been found that the performance of concrete varies depending on the exposure environment, such as water penetration, carbonation, and chloride immersion, while using different repair materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Norazura Mizal Azzmi, Nadira Ahzahar, Siti Zubaidah Hashim, Intan Bayani Zakaria, Nazhatulzakis Jamaludin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0