Science Letters
type: channel
description: The Science Letters (ScL) (ISSN: 1675-7785, e-ISSN: 2682-8626) is is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access, and biannually online-published (January and June) international journal for the complete coverage of all topics in science and technology-related areas. Science Letters aims to be recognized as an important forum for researchers from academic and private arenas to exchange the latest results from research, especially in science and technology, in a broad sense, both original papers and reviews. PUBLICATION IS FREE OF CHARGE. ScL is indexed in Google Scholar, MyJurnal and MyCite. Please visit our official website at https://scilett-fsg.uitm.edu.my/. CLICK HERE TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
publisher: UiTM Press
language: en
publication name: Science Letters
issn: 1675-7785
items: The Roles of Postbiotics in Modulating the Gut-skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis: A Scoping Review
items: Groundwater Recharge Estimation in an overexploited Alluvial Aquifer using a Combination Method; a Primary Tool for Sustainable Groundwater Management
items: Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Leucaena leucocephala Leaves Extracts Using CUPRAC and FRAP Methods
items: From Water Rejection to Oil Affinity: Comparative Adsorption of Petroleum Liquids, Water, and Xylene on Modified Sawdust
items: Mapping a Decade of Research in Big Data and Poultry Farming: A Bibliometric Analysis (2015 – 2025)
items: Influence of Chitosan Concentration on the Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Flowable Chitosan Hydrogels for Electrode Coating Applications
items: Effects of Probiotics and Postbiotics against Cognitive Frailty In Vivo: A Narrative Review
items: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Physico-chemical Parameters in Songsong Island, Kedah, Malaysia.
items: Citrus Hystrix Oil Incorporated into Cosmetic Formulation: Physicochemical, Stability and Antimicrobial Properties
items: Assessing Seam Integrity in Sports Jerseys after Multiple Laundering Cycles: Effect of Knit Structure, Abrasion, and Pilling.
items: Characteristics of Mango Seed Kernels and Their Impact on Yield And Quality of Oil From Soxhlet Extraction Process
items: Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives: Proliferation and Migration in MCF‑7 Cells under Normoxia and Hypoxia
items: Trap-Based Monitoring of Rice Hoppers: A Tool for Precision Rice Pest Management
items: Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves (senduduk) Extract in a Water-based Emulsion: Physical and Chemical Stability Study and Bacterial Inhibition Activity
items: Self-Healing Effects of Silica Fume and Quicklime on Microcracks in Cement-Based Materials
items: Enhancing Sustainable Practices In Liberica Coffee Agrobusiness: A Technological Approach
items: Preliminary Study of Cross-Resistance Banyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli) to Penoxsulam and Bispyribac Sodium in Malaysia
items: DFT Study on the Role of Oxygen Vacancies in the Structural and Electronic Properties of Spinel NiCo2O4
items: Influence of Agar and Konjac on the Quality and Stability of Coffea liberica–Infused Marshmallows
items: Degradation Kinetics and Antioxidant Capacity Study of Suji Leaves Extract (Dracaena angustifolia)
items: Enhancing Xylitol Production Via Recombinant Escherichia coli: A Box-Behnken Design Approach
items: Optimal Effective Carrier Barrier Height of the AlGaN-based Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode through the Wedge-shaped Electron Blocking Layer
items: Adsorption Behavior During Decolorization of Crude Glycerin Solution
items: Self-Healing Natural Rubber (NR) Based on Zinc Diacrylate (ZDA) Networks
items: Mobile Application for Stunting Recognition Education Using Video-Based Learning Method
items: Comparison of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Quality of 3D Printed Parts from Various Slicing Software and Infill Patterns
items: Simulation of AlGaN-based DUV-LED with The Variation of Step Al-graded QWs Configuration
items: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Based Classification of Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Utilizing MATLAB
items: Unveiling Polypropylene's Repetitive Recycling Potential at High Temperatures
items: Phytochemistry, Cytoprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Myrmecodia platytyrea Ethyl Acetate Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells

The Roles of Postbiotics in Modulating the Gut-skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis: A Scoping Review
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description: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a persistent inflammatory condition, where immune dysregulation, skin barrier disruption, and alterations in gut microbiota converge along the gut-skin axis. This scoping review maps the existing evidence on postbiotics’ role in modulating the gut-skin axis in AD. A total of 23 peer-reviewed articles were included in the review, comprising 5 human clinical studies, 3 animal studies, 3 in vitro studies, and 12 systematic reviews or position papers. The most frequently investigated postbiotic components were short-chain fatty acids (n = 5), heat-killed or inactivated bacterial preparations (n = 6), and microbial cell components or metabolites (n = 4). Most studies focused on immune modulation (n = 14), followed by barrier function (n = 10), and microbiota-related outcomes (n = 6). Of the human clinical studies, 60% (n = 3) evaluated oral postbiotic interventions, while 40% (n = 2) assessed topical formulations. The majority of animal and in vitro studies reported improvements in skin barrier integrity, including enhanced keratinocyte differentiation and reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (n = 6 studies). A subset of studies (n = 6) demonstrated reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and modulation of T-cell balance. Microbiota-related outcomes were less frequently reported, with three studies suggesting postbiotics’ potential influence on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production. Despite these promising findings, substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies with respect to postbiotic type, study design, and outcome measures, leading to limited standardization. This review underscores the need for further high-quality, well-powered human clinical trials using standardized postbiotic interventions to explore their therapeutic potential in AD. Future research should also address gaps in the understanding of the effects of specific postbiotics on both immune and barrier functions.
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creator: Nurhani Hamid
creator: Muhamad Fareez Ismail
creator: Mohamad Izwan Mohd Yusof
creator: Siong Meng Lim
creator: Kalavathy Ramasamy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhani Hamid, MUHAMAD FAREEZ BIN ISMAIL, Mohamad Izwan Mohd Yusof, Siong Meng Lim, Kalavathy Ramasamy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 265
ending page: 284
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.11601

Groundwater Recharge Estimation in an overexploited Alluvial Aquifer using a Combination Method; a Primary Tool for Sustainable Groundwater Management
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description: Estimating groundwater recharge is critical for groundwater management in semiarid settings. A basic groundwater balance equation calculates the total annual groundwater recharge in the Eshtehard aquifer, north Iran, for the water year (2013–2014). The goals of this study are to (1) understand and differentiate the aquifer inflow and outflow components, (2) explicit computation of groundwater storage with the water table fluctuation (WTF) method, and (3) estimate the amount of annual Recharge in an alluvial aquifer using the water balance equation. The application of the WTF method requires a large number of water level measurements throughout the unconfined aquifer. The advantage of the method is that groundwater recharge is estimated at the scale of interest to basin hydrologic studies and that the method requires no extensive in situ instrumentation network. According to the findings of the well-log analysis, the low and high permeability zones are discontinuous and vary in depth and thickness. In the overdeveloped basin of Eshtehard, when extraction exceeds Recharge, a drawdown trend in groundwater levels may persist for many years. The yearly groundwater balance has a negative water budget of roughly 14.77 million m3/year in the aquifer system for 2013-2014. Due to the lack of permanent surface water running in the basin on the one hand and the small amount of rainfall besides the thick vadose zone in almost all parts of the plain, on the other hand, main groundwater recharge and discharge in the Eshtehard aquifer are pumping wells and recharge from returned of groundwater used for irrigation, industrial and municipal purposes. Based on this study, the overall amount of artificial groundwater removal from the alluvial aquifer is approximately 56.91 million m3/year. At the same time, the Recharge from this water is 16.48 million m3/year, percolating into the aquifer.
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creator: Leila Khodapanah
creator: Negar Anvarizadeh
creator: Kourosh Mohammadi
creator: Surajudeen Olalekan Sikiru
creator: Hassan Soleimani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Surajudeen Olalekan Sikiru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 230
ending page: 256
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.11382

Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Leucaena leucocephala Leaves Extracts Using CUPRAC and FRAP Methods
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description: Leucaena leucocephala is widely recognized as a medicinal and nutritional plant due to its abundance of bioactive phytochemicals, particularly phenolics and flavonoids, which play a major role in its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of L. leucocephala leaves. The ethanol extraction was performed using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method, followed by fractionation with water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Their antioxidant activity was tested using CUPRAC and FRAP assays, along with method validation (accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LoD), and limit of quantification (LoQ). The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest TPC (84.53 ± 0.11%) and TFC (87.26 ± 0.15%), followed by ethanol extract, aqueous, and n-hexane fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 31.76 ppm (CUPRAC) and 22.93 ppm (FRAP), while the n-hexane fraction demonstrated the weakest activity. Method validation of the analytical assays showed that the CUPRAC assay had a precision of 1.93%, accuracy of 100.12%, linearity (R²) of 0.99, LOD of 2.22 ppm, and LOQ of 7.39 ppm. The FRAP assay showed a precision of 0.81%, accuracy of 93.94%, linearity (R²) of 0.99, LOD of 2.30 ppm, and LOQ of 7.77 ppm. The CUPRAC assay met all validation criteria, while the FRAP assay did not meet the accuracy requirement. Overall, the CUPRAC assay demonstrated better performance than the FRAP assay. These results confirm the strong antioxidant potential of Leucaena leucocephala and emphasize the importance of solvent fractionation in enhancing the recovery of bioactive compounds. The findings support the potential use of Leucaena leucocephala as a natural antioxidant, with promising applications in pharmaceut…
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creator: Agustono Wibowo
creator: Firstca Aulia Rachma
creator: Nurain Aziman
creator: Norizan Ahmat
creator: Neni Kartini
creator: Iswan Budi Suyup
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Agustono Wibowo, Firstca Aulia Rachma, Nurain Aziman, Norizan Ahmat, Neni Kartini, Iswan Budi Suyup https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 218
ending page: 229
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.11230

From Water Rejection to Oil Affinity: Comparative Adsorption of Petroleum Liquids, Water, and Xylene on Modified Sawdust
type: item
description: This study evaluated hardwood sawdust (USDM) chemically modified with 0.5 M succinic acid (0.5MSD) as a low-cost sorbent for the selective removal of organic liquids from water. The specific gravities of the tested adsorbates decreased in the order water > lube oil > m-xylene > diesel > kerosene > gasoline. Batch adsorption and Foster swelling tests were carried out on the adsorbents with the adsorbates. On UMSD, equilibrium capacities (mg g⁻¹) followed DPK ≈ PMS (0.23 and 0.227) > xylene (0.15) > water (0.14) > AGO ≈ lube oil (0.09 and 0.089). Modification of sawdust with succinic acid enhanced hydrocarbon uptake while preventing water sorption: the adsorbates DPK, PMS, xylene, AGO, lube oil, and water were identified to be adsorbed to the treated adsorbents with batch adsorption values of 0.32, 0.29, 0.28, 0.27, 0.26, and −0.07 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The kinetic test with xylene adsorption showed that the 0.1–0.5 M prepared concentration exhibited rapid initial uptake reaching equilibrium in ~40–50 min; percentage removal decreased from ~88–89% at 0.1–0.2 M to ~79–81% at 0.5 M due to site saturation. The selectivity shift observed for the swelling test showed that UMSD swelled most in water, whereas 0.5MSD exhibited increased swelling in hydrocarbons, especially under agitation. The treated biomass was improved by the successful replacement of surface hydroxyl groups via an esterification reaction. The reaction induces carbonyl and ester functionalities, which reduce hydrophilicity and promote organophilic wetting; mild microstructural changes aid film and capillary uptake of viscous oils.
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creator: Idongesit Ekpo
creator: Ifiok Ekwere
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Idongesit Ekpo, Ifiok Ekwere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 204
ending page: 217
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10995

Mapping a Decade of Research in Big Data and Poultry Farming: A Bibliometric Analysis (2015 – 2025)
type: item
description: This bibliometric study analyses Big Data and Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) research in poultry within the context of Scopus publications from 2015 to 2024. While the rapid growth of technology suggests an increasing volume of publications in this sector, there is a notable absence of a comprehensive research landscape. This study attempts to analyse publication trends, identify key contributors, and map thematic evolution in the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to poultry farming. A Boolean search strategy targeting Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications and Big Data methodologies (including Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IoT, and PLF) in poultry farming was implemented in Scopus. Co-authorship, co-citation, keyword co-occurrence research network visualization, and thematic cluster identification analyses were performed using the VOS Viewer software.Research evolved through three major phases: foundational studies on IoT and sensors (2015–2018), studies focusing on machine learning and animal phenotyping (2018–2024), and studies on emerging Big Data analytics and supply chain traceability (2017–2025). The primary thematic clusters include IoT and Environmental Control, Machine Learning and Animal Phenotyping and Big Data Analytics and Supply Chain Traceability. The most active countries in research were the United States, China, and India. Importantly, there is a substantial gap between the more sophisticated levels of data analysis (Levels I and II) and the less sophisticated levels of on-farm integrated decision support systems (Levels III and IV). A significant gap in practical implementation of Artificial Intelligence has been identified despite the progress to capture and analyze data. Future research should focus on the development of AI-integrated decision support systems, data-sharing policy frameworks, improved collaboration between industry and academia, and the integration of high-throughput phenotyping and genomics. The poultry secto…
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creator: Siti Hajar Baharin
creator: Abdul Rahman Ahmad
creator: Ahmad Fuzi Md Ajis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 SITI HAJAR BAHARIN, Dr. Rahman, Dr. Fuzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 187
ending page: 203
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10952

Influence of Chitosan Concentration on the Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Flowable Chitosan Hydrogels for Electrode Coating Applications
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description: Recently, chitosan-based hydrogels have gained attention for their biocompatibility, biodegradability and relevance as effective electrode coating for sensors. However, to produce well-coating chitosan hydrogel through a facile process remains challenging. This study investigates the effect of chitosan concentration on the properties of glutaraldehyde-chitosan hydrogels for electrode coatings. Flowable hydrogels were produced via facile chemical crosslinking gelation process under ambient condition, eliminating the need of heating or controlled atmospheres by dissolving chitosan powder with concentrations ranging from 1.0% to 5.0% (w/v) in distilled water, followed by addition of 1.2% v/v of glacial acetic acid and glutaraldehyde as crosslinker to form hydrogels for about 2 hours at room temperature. The hydrogels were characterized by rheological testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that the 3.0% w/v CS hydrogel demonstrating optimal viscosity of 9.15 Pa·s, while FTIR confirmed successful crosslinking by glutaraldehyde and glacial acetic acid within the hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, EIS indicated superior electrical conductance (3.25 × 10⁻³ S) for the 3.0% w/v CS hydrogel, confirming it as the optimal candidate that integrates physicochemical and electrochemical properties for electrode coatings, which supports efficient and reliable sensor device development.
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creator: Nurlily Marlissa Azmin
creator: Dania Adila Ahmad Ruzaidi
creator: Mohd Hafiz Md Ali
creator: Siti Roha Ab Mutalib
creator: Mohd Muzamir Mahat
creator: Radin Siti Fazlina Nazrah Hirzin
creator: Nur Aimi Jani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 NURLILY MARLISSA AZMIN, DANIA ADILA AHMAD RUZAIDI, MOHD HAFIZ MD ALI, SITI ROHA AB MUTALIB, MOHD MUZAMIR MAHAT, RADIN SITI FAZLINA NAZRAH HIRZIN, NUR AIMI JANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 257
ending page: 264
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.9399

Effects of Probiotics and Postbiotics against Cognitive Frailty In Vivo: A Narrative Review
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description: Cognitive frailty (CF), a geriatric syndrome that is marked by the coexistence of frailty and cognitive impairments without the presence of dementia, increases the risk of harmful health outcomes especially amongst the older adults. Given that there remains no approved therapy that addresses CF, the continuous growth of global ageing population raises the need for non-pharmacological approach that is able to address both cognitive and physical vulnerability together rather than in isolation. There is growing evidence that positions the gut as the biological interface that influences the brain and the muscles through interconnected immune, endocrine, metabolic, and barrier-related pathways. In this context, dietary modifications using probiotics or postbiotics have gained considerable attention for their potential in attenuating processes underlying CF by reshaping gut microbial composition and function. The present review aimed at uncovering the roles probiotics and postbiotics against CF (including its individual cognitive and physical components) along with their mechanisms that are mediated through the gut-brain axis and gut-muscle axis based on the current evidence. This review featured in vivo studies on various probiotic strains and postbiotic preparations that conferred a measurable improvement in neuroprotection, memory and behavioural changes, muscle/ bone function and homeostasis, anti-/pro-inflammatory biomarkers, gut health amongst others. The consolidated evidence supports probiotics or postbiotics as supportive or adjunctive therapy to prevent or mitigate the progression of CF. More importantly, this review provides a framework to inform future translational research and rational development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting healthy ageing.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Adam Azmihan
creator: Kalavathy Ramasamy
creator: Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
creator: Siong Meng Lim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Azmihan, Kalavathy Ramasamy, Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed, Siong Meng Lim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 57
ending page: 80
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10023

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Physico-chemical Parameters in Songsong Island, Kedah, Malaysia.
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description: Marine ecosystems are distinctive environments and habitats that are increasingly under threat from multiple pressures, including global warming, coastal development, pollution, and other human-induced impacts. Therefore, this study examines the seasonal variations in key physico-chemical parameters of seawater around Songsong Island, Kedah, Malaysia to better understand the environmental conditions influencing the local marine ecosystem. Data were collected from 12 stations during both the Southwest (SWM) and Northeast Monsoon (NEM) periods to address a knowledge gap in seasonal variability across the island. Seawater physico-chemical parameters measured included pH, salinity, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), Total Ammoniacal-Nitrogen (TAN), and orthophosphate (PO₄³⁻). Findings revealed moderate spatial and seasonal variability. Seawater pH was decrease during the NEM (average pH 7.91 ± 0.033) compared to the SWM (7.96 ± 0.022). Besides, salinity increased slightly in the NEM (30.63–31.54 ppt) compared to the SWM(29.50–30.82 ppt). Thus, conductivity also increased during NEM (51.75 ± 3.84 mS/cm) compared to SWM (52.01 ± 0.44 mS/cm). Moreover, seawater temperature was higher during the SWM (30.57–31.01°C), while DO levels remained healthy across both seasons. Notably, TAN concentrations were much higher in the NEM (1.02 ± 0.317 mg/L) than in the SWM (0.04 ± 0.017 mg/L), possibly due to reduced dilution and anthropogenic inputs. Conversely, PO₄³⁻ levels were greater during the SWM with an (0.190 ± 0.0881 mg/L) compared to the NEM (0.050 mg/L ± 0.003 mg/L), with a much greater variability. Two-way ANOVA analyses confirmed that there is no significant different between sampling stations while there have significant different between monsoon seasons (p < 0.05) except for conductivity, highlighting spatial heterogeneity and seasonal influences. These results underline the impact of monsoonal dynamics, river discharge, rainfall and human activities on sea…
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creator: Hidayah Rosmee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hidayah Rosmee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 175
ending page: 186
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10571

Citrus Hystrix Oil Incorporated into Cosmetic Formulation: Physicochemical, Stability and Antimicrobial Properties
type: item
description: This study explores the incorporation of Citrus hystrix oil (CHO) into cosmetic formulation as natural alternative to synthetic additives due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The peel of Citrus hystrix fruit was extracted by using hydrodistillation method and the bioactive components were identified by GC-MS. The CHO was incorporated into cosmetic formulation at different amount (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%). FTIR analysis revealed the successful incorporation of CHO into the cosmetic formulation. The formulation containing 0.4% CHO exhibited the highest total phenolic content which was 163.63 mg GAE/mL, confirming its superior antioxidant potential. The cosmetic formulation incorporating CHO shows improved physicochemical properties. The shear stress trends demonstrate shear-thinning properties, confirming the desirability for cosmetic application. The increase of spreadability over time reflects that the formulation can easily spread which offers smooth coverage and fast absorption on skin. In addition, stability studies for 8 weeks show that the formulations containing CHO maintained the pH, weight and moisture content with minimal variation, suggesting enhanced stability. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli shows the inhibition zone increased with the increasing of CHO, ranging from 6.0 mm to 15.7 mm, validating the efficacy of CHO. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that CHO enhances physicochemical, stability and antimicrobial activity of the cosmetic formulation, confirming its viability as a safer, effective and sustainable additive for natural skincare products.
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creator: Norasmah Mohammed Manshor
creator: Normasyitah Nabiha Sainon
creator: Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Norasmah Mohammed Manshor, Normasyitah Nabiha Sainon, Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 154
ending page: 174
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10565

Assessing Seam Integrity in Sports Jerseys after Multiple Laundering Cycles: Effect of Knit Structure, Abrasion, and Pilling.
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description: Seam durability is a critical factor in sports-jersey performance, as these garments undergo repeated laundering and mechanical stress. This study examined the relationship between pre-wash surface durability and post-wash seam integrity in four polyester knit fabrics commonly used in jerseys: eyelet, pin-dot mesh, jacquard, and interlock. Samples were sewn under standardized conditions and subjected to ten ISO 6330 laundering cycles (40°C, mild detergent, 30 min). Seam appearance was graded as excellent, good, or poor after the 3rd, 7th, and 10th washes. Pre-wash testing showed that eyelet combined low abrasion loss (0.005–0.006 mg) with maximum pilling resistance (5/5), while interlock had the lowest abrasion loss (0.002 mg) but weaker pilling (4/4). Pin-dot mesh and jacquard exhibited intermediate abrasion losses and high pilling resistance (5/5). After laundering, pin-dot mesh and jacquard retained the highest seam quality (final average = 2.73), eyelet showed moderate decline (2.60), and interlock deteriorated most severely (2.08). Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences at cycles 3 and 10 (p < 0.05), with seam performance at wash 7 strongly predicting outcomes at wash 10 (r = 0.674, p < 0.001). Findings suggest that pilling resistance is a stronger predictor of seam stability than abrasion loss. Pin-dot mesh and jacquard demonstrated the best durability, providing useful screening criteria for material selection in sportswear design.
subject: Articles
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creator: Nur Idayu Alysha Norazli
creator: Wan Syazehan Ruznan
creator: Mohd Azlin Mohd Nor
creator: Suraya Ahmad Suhaimi
creator: Mohd Rozi Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Idayu Alysha Norazli, Dr. Wan Syazehan Ruznan, Ts. Dr. Mohd Azlin Mohd Nor, Suraya Ahmad Suhaimi, Prof. Dr. Mohd Rozi Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 81
ending page: 90
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10229

Characteristics of Mango Seed Kernels and Their Impact on Yield And Quality of Oil From Soxhlet Extraction Process
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description: Mango seed kernels (MSKs), a significant source of food waste, contain beneficial constituents such as oil and bioactive compounds. Due to this, their valorization has been explored as a method of waste management through resource recovery. However, research on the potential of Harumanis MSK as feedstock to produce oil remains underexplored. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the characteristics of the Harumanis MSK and its impact on yield and quality of oil produced, in comparison with other type of MSK, the Thai Milk MSK. Proximate analysis showed that Harumanis MSK contains higher moisture, volatile matter and ash content whereas Thai Milk MSK contains higher fixed carbon. Soxhlet extraction of both MSKs using n-hexane as solvent at various time of 60 – 180 min revealed that oil yield obtained for both MSKs is within 5 – 14 wt.%, with 180 min as the most suitable extraction duration, to yield Harumanis and Thai Milk MSKs oil of 11.03 and 14.48 wt.%, respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of saturated triglycerides in both oils with Harumanis MSK oil exhibiting a higher concentration. Further analysis suggested that minimal thermal degradation occurred during extraction, indicating the oils produced are of good quality and thermally stable. This study highlights that both MSKs serve as viable sources for oil production, with Thai Milk MSK presents a better feedstock for higher oil yield while Harumanis MSK offers superior oil quality due to its higher content of saturated triglyceride. These findings underscore the potential of mango seed valorization as an effective strategy for sustainable waste management.
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creator: Siti Nurlia Ali
creator: Izzat Syahmi Mohd Nawawi
creator: Naza Alif Mohd Zaini
creator: Innas Sofea Mahathir
creator: Nur Aisyah Qistina Masdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Nurlia Ali, Izzat Syahmi Mohd Nawawi, Naza Alif Mohd Zaini , Innas Sofea Mahathir, Nur Aisyah Qistina Masdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 128
ending page: 142
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10412

Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives: Proliferation and Migration in MCF‑7 Cells under Normoxia and Hypoxia
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description: Hypoxia is a recognised characteristic of the tumour microenvironment and significantly contributes to therapeutic resistance and aggressive behaviour in breast cancer. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an enzyme induced by hypoxia and is important for maintaining pH homeostasis, thereby enabling cancer cell survival in low-oxygen environments. Sulfonamide-based compounds are known to act as selective CA IX inhibitors, offering therapeutic promise especially under hypoxic stress. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of newly synthesised sulfonamide derivatives on the viability and migration of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 under normoxic and chemically induced hypoxic conditions (150 µM cobalt chloride). The compounds were synthesised via standard sulfonamide coupling reactions, purified, and characterised using spectroscopic techniques. Cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT assay, while the scratch assay was utilised to measure the compounds' effect on cell migration. Results showed that the sulfonamide derivatives (compounds 3b, 3d-g) demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in cell viability in the MCF-7 cell line, with greater inhibition under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, migration was notably suppressed in hypoxia-treated cells, indicating impaired cellular motility upon CA IX inhibition. These findings suggest that the synthesised sulfonamide derivatives may act by targeting both proliferation and migration mechanisms under hypoxia. Their efficacy in the luminal breast cancer model positions them as promising candidates for further development. Additional molecular assays, including qPCR and protein expression studies, are recommended to further elucidate their mechanisms.
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creator: Muhammad Nabil Afifi Mohd Zaki
creator: Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed Alafeefy
creator: Aisyah Hasyila Jahidin
creator: Maziana Mahamood
creator: Mizaton Hazizul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD NABIL AFIFI MOHD ZAKI, Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed Alafeefy, AISYAH HASYILA JAHIDIN, MAZIANA MAHAMOOD, MIZATON HAZIZUL HASAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 143
ending page: 153
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10416

Trap-Based Monitoring of Rice Hoppers: A Tool for Precision Rice Pest Management
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description: Rice production faces significant losses due to the attack of insect pests such as rice stem borers, planthoppers and leaf folders. To maintain the sustainability of rice production, monitoring and controlling the rice hopper population must be done effectively. Spraying chemical pesticides of various types and concentrations is often done; however, the problem of rice hopper attacks remains uncontrolled. Before control measures are taken, monitoring of the rice hopper population needs to be carried out first. Common methods used by several research agencies to collect data are through manual pest population sampling. However, this method is laborious and provides insufficient data. Therefore, a study was conducted on this rice hopper population by using the bucket light traps and also the manual population sampling method (sweep net and yellow sticky trap). The present study was conducted at the 6-acres rice plot in Seberang Perai, Penang, and the results of the study revealed a good correlation between the use of light traps and manual sampling. Both families of rice hoppers (family Cicadellidae and Delphacidae) were found at all three stages of the rice plant (vegetative, reproductive and ripening). Family Delphacidae (planthoppers) was recorded more during the rice vegetative stage, while the cicadellids (leafhoppers) were recorded in greatest numbers during the rice ripening stage. Leafhoppers from the family Cicadellidae were once a predominant pest but have become the dominant species in this study, having been caught in large numbers using sticky traps (66.5%), followed by light traps (29.5%) and sweep nets (3.96%). Of the three sampling methods, the sticky trap was the most efficient, collecting a greater number of hoppers overall, at all three rice stages. Sticky traps are suitable for collecting rice hopper insects as both rice hoppers (planthoppers and leafhoppers) are winged insects that actively fly between rice plants, making them easy to trap mid-air…
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creator: Suhaila Ab Hamid
creator: Ahmad Mustaqim Rahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Suhaila Ab Hamid, Ahmad Mustaqim Rahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 120
ending page: 127
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10391

Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves (senduduk) Extract in a Water-based Emulsion: Physical and Chemical Stability Study and Bacterial Inhibition Activity
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description: Melastoma malabathricum L. (MB) is a medicinal plant with therapeutic properties for treating scars resulting from smallpox, pimples, and skin blemishes. The active compound found in MB leaves can create a high-quality and efficient product that can effectively prevent the growth of bacteria. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential and stability of MB leaves extract in a water-based emulsion, emphasizing its application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Leveraging traditional uses and scientific findings, the plant’s bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids, are recognized for their antibacterial properties. The research employed solvent extraction techniques, notably the maceration method, to isolate these bioactives, which were incorporated into emulsions at varying concentrations. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity and stability of MB leaves extract in a water-based emulsion. Extracts were prepared using methanol and ethanol at different concentrations and durations. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, with 50% methanol yielding the highest bioactive content. The 96-hour methanol extract showed the strongest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14 mm) and Escherichia coli (19 mm). Water-based emulsions with 1% plant extract retained moderate antibacterial effects and maintained stable pH (4.5–5.5) over 21 days at 4°C. These findings support the extract’s potential as a natural antibacterial agent in topical or cosmetic formulations.
subject: Articles
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creator: Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri
creator: Siti Nur ‘Aisyah Norrizam
creator: Norasmah Mohammed Manshor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri, Siti Nur ‘Aisyah Norrizam, Norasmah Mohammed Manshor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 107
ending page: 119
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10375

Self-Healing Effects of Silica Fume and Quicklime on Microcracks in Cement-Based Materials
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description: The self-healing capability enchancement upon microcracks in cement-based materials; silica fume and quicklime were incorporated into the cement-based materials. Through the design of multifactor experiments, the study investigated the effects on crack repair ability, mechanical property restoration, and impermeability under different curing conditions and ages. The results show that after damage to the cement-based materials, silica fume and quicklime undergo pozzolanic reactions, precipitation, and complexation reactions in a water environment, producing repair products such as C-S-H gel and calcium carbonate, which promote the stable healing of microcracks. Under water curing conditions, cement-based materials with a combined addition of 10% silica fume and quicklime exhibited the most significant self-healing effect on cracks.
subject: Articles
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creator: Norul Wahida Kamaruzaman
creator: Shen Si
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Norul Wahida Kamaruzaman, Shen Si https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 91
ending page: 106
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.10259

Enhancing Sustainable Practices In Liberica Coffee Agrobusiness: A Technological Approach
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description: The Liberica coffee has gained increasing prominence within Malaysia's speciality coffee landscape due to its unique flavour profile and adaptability. However, most Liberica coffee planters continue to rely on traditional processing methods that limit yield efficiency and undermine environmental sustainability. To address these challenges, this study undertakes a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify and evaluate technological innovations that enhance sustainable practices in Liberica coffee farms. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, articles were systematically retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Search strings were developed using a hybrid AI-guided and expert-validated process to ensure high precision and recall. The initial search yielded 289 articles. After duplicate removal, eligibility screening, and access limitation, 12 articles were selected for full-text analysis. The findings reveal several relevant technologies that hold promise for the Liberica context, including solar drying systems, IoT-based smart agricultural technologies, and AI-assisted operation. Research demonstrates that these technologies can decrease greenhouse gas emissions, enhance resource efficiency, and bolster smallholder income. However, adoption is hindered by high upfront costs, lack of technical know-how, and infrastructural limitations, particularly in rural farming communities. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge about sustainable coffee processing by mapping relevant worldwide technology to Malaysia's Liberica sector. This review sparks ideas for coffee farmers, agrotech developers, and regulators and provides useful advice on how to make Malaysia's coffee business more sustainable, innovative, and competitive.
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creator: Rashid Salleh
creator: Norhamizan Hamir
creator: Ahmad Hidayat Ahmad Ridzuan
creator: Ashraf Siddik Khan Abdul Rahim Siddiqe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rashid Salleh, Norhamizan Hamir, Ahmad Hidayat Ahmad Ridzuan, Ashraf Siddik Khan Abdul Rahim Siddiqe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 16
ending page: 28
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.8582

Preliminary Study of Cross-Resistance Banyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli) to Penoxsulam and Bispyribac Sodium in Malaysia
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description: The increasing failure of acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides, particularly penoxsulam, to control Echinochloa crus-galli in Malaysian rice fields has raised concerns of herbicide resistance. This study investigated the resistance to penoxsulam in E. crus-galli populations from Alor Setar, Kedah, and evaluated alternative herbicides with different modes of action. Seeds were collected from suspected resistant and known susceptible fields. After dormancy-breaking, seedling bioassays and dose-response trials were conducted under glasshouse conditions. Resistance screening showed 100% survival of the resistant (R) biotype with penoxsulam and bispyribac sodium, while the susceptible (S) biotype had complete mortality. The R biotype required 32 times (800 g a.i. ha⁻¹) the recommended rate of penoxsulam for control. GR₅₀ and LD₅₀ values indicated 480-fold and 535-fold resistance, confirming high resistance. To find alternatives, pretilachlor, quinclorac, and florpyrauxifen-benzyl were tested. All achieved 100% mortality in both R and S biotypes, indicating no multiple resistance. These results confirm ALS inhibitor resistance in E. crus-galli, while other herbicides remain effective. This study provides the first report of cross-resistance to penoxsulam and bispyribac sodium in Malaysia. The continued susceptibility of the resistant biotype to quinclorac, pretilachlor, and florpyrauxifen-benzyl offers opportunity for herbicide rotation and mixtures in direct-seeded rice systems.
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creator: Noor Arif Aizuddin Noor Rahim
creator: Dilipkumar Masilamany
creator: Chuah Tse Seng
creator: Khairun Nisa Kamarudin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 NOOR ARIF AIZUDDIN RAHIM, DR DILIPKUMAR MASILAMANY, PROF DR CHUAH TSE SENG, DR KHAIRUN NISA KAMARUDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 29
ending page: 38
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.9066

DFT Study on the Role of Oxygen Vacancies in the Structural and Electronic Properties of Spinel NiCo2O4
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description: NiCo₂O₄ (NCO) has been widely studied as an electrode material for supercapacitors due to its good redox properties and conductivity. In this study, the effects of oxygen vacancies on the structural and electronic properties of NCO were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). An oxygen atom was removed from the structure to create a vacancy, which caused slight lattice expansion and local distortion. These changes were mainly due to the reduction of Co3+ to Co2+. The formation energy was calculated as 4.43eV, showing that the vacancy can form under suitable conditions. A decrease in band gap from 1.158eV to 0.746eV was observed, indicating improved conductivity. From the density of states, more Co 3d states and fewer O 2p states were found near the Fermi level. This suggests that charge transport can be enhanced by the presence of oxygen vacancies. Overall, the performance of NCO as a supercapacitor electrode can be improved by introducing oxygen vacancies.
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creator: Nurzaihani Batrisyia Said
creator: Nur Hamizah Mohd Zaki
creator: Nursyahirah Nordin
creator: Fatin Nabilah Sazman
creator: Nur Amirah Syafiqah Amirul
creator: Nafisha Balqis Khairuddin
creator: Ainnur-Sherene Kamisan
creator: Oskar Hasdinor Hassan
creator: Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib
creator: Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nurzaihani Batrisyia Said, Nur Hamizah Mohd Zaki, Nursyahirah Nordin, Fatin Nabilah Sazman, Nur Amirah Syafiqah Amirul, Nafisha Balqis Khairuddin, Ainnur-Sherene Kamisan, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib , Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 56
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i2.9447

Influence of Agar and Konjac on the Quality and Stability of Coffea liberica–Infused Marshmallows
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description: This study investigated the physicochemical effects of incorporating agar and konjac powders into Coffea liberica–infused marshmallows as alternatives to gelatin, addressing dietary preferences such as halal and vegan requirements. Various analyses, including total phenolic content (TPC), texture profile, color, moisture content, water activity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were conducted during storage. Results showed that marshmallows containing Coffea liberica had higher TPC, with MKAC exhibiting the highest value (0.8740 mg GAE/g) compared to the gelatin control (0.2294 mg GAE/g). Texture profile parameters, including hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience, increased consistently across all formulations during six days of storage. Color analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.977) between hydrocolloid b* values and marshmallow lightness (L*). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in moisture content, whereas water activity showed no significant variation (p > 0.05) throughout storage. SEM analysis distinguished hydrocolloid-based samples by differences in surface roughness, smoothness, and pore distribution. Overall, agar and konjac powders, together with Coffea liberica, significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of marshmallows, offering potential as plant-based alternatives for the confectionery industry.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aisya Azlee
creator: Eng Keng Seow
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aisya Azlee, Eng Keng Seow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 115
ending page: 128
doi: 10.24191/scl.v20i1.8697

Degradation Kinetics and Antioxidant Capacity Study of Suji Leaves Extract (Dracaena angustifolia)
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description: Synthetic colorants, prized for their diverse colors, homogeneity, and cost-effectiveness, are highly stable under various environmental conditions. Despite these advantages, health concerns have fueled a growing interest in natural alternatives. This study employs Dracaena angustifolia, a pigment-rich plant that produces green extracts suitable for food. The study aimed to determine the stability of Suji leaf extracts through degradation kinetics analysis and assess the physicochemical properties over four weeks. Optimal conditions for colorant stability were identified based on the concept of degradation kinetic concept, which measures absorbance at different pH levels and temperatures. The physicochemical properties studied over four-weekend the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, color in color, and chlo, prophyll content for both Suji leaves exleaf (Dracaena angustifolia) and synthetic powder colourantcolorantse four weeks, an inverse relationship was observed between the DPPH scavenging effect and total phenolic content. A decrease in total phenolic content and an increase in IC50 values in the Suji leaf extract suggested a potential weakening of its antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the Suji leaves extract exhibited significantly higher chlorophyll content but lower color intensity and stability than synthetic powder, positively correlating with total phenolic content. The degradation kinetics study revealed that Suji leaf extract was the most stable at pH 7.0 and 4°C. In contrast, the synthetic powder colorants showed optimal stability at pH 4.5 and 40°C. These findings and in-depth research underscore the potential of Suji leaf extract as a stable and natural colourant, particularly in the food industry, replacing synthetic powder colorants.
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creator: Rumaisya Yasmin Mohd Nazri
creator: Adi Md Sikin
creator: Wan Saidatul Syida Wan Kamarudin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rumaisya Yasmin Mohd Nazri, Adi Md Sikin , Wan Saidatul Syida Wan Kamarudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 141
ending page: 148
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9727

Enhancing Xylitol Production Via Recombinant Escherichia coli: A Box-Behnken Design Approach
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description: To enhance xylitol production while addressing the inefficiencies of conventional methods, this study explores the use of genetically modified Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Utilizing glucose as the primary substrate, this research capitalizes on the metabolic versatility of E. coli to convert glucose, a readily available and cost-effective sugar, into xylitol. This process harnesses the potential of microbial synthesis for xylitol, a sugar alcohol significant for its dental health benefits and non-caloric nature. Production process optimization was conducted through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) integrated with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD). This approach facilitated the systematic evaluation of three key culture conditions: post-induction temperature (36.2°C), pH (7.2), and agitation rate (184.1 rpm). The optimization resulted in a substantial 2.7-fold increase in xylitol concentration, achieving up to 1.60 g/L. The model's effectiveness was validated by a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9847), emphasizing the predictive accuracy and robustness of the experimental design. This study demonstrates an economically and environmentally sustainable method for xylitol production. It advances the field of microbial engineering, underscoring the critical role of integrating advanced genetic modifications with process optimization for efficient biochemical production.
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creator: Iffah Nazihah Mustaffa
creator: Zanariah Hashim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iffah Nazihah Mustaffa, Zanariah Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 133
ending page: 140
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9722

Optimal Effective Carrier Barrier Height of the AlGaN-based Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode through the Wedge-shaped Electron Blocking Layer
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description: This work demonstrates the enhancement of luminescence intensity of aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN)-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) via the wedge-shaped electron blocking layer (W-EBL). The AlGaN-based DUV-LED suffers from low luminescence intensity emitted by the device due to electron overflow and minimal hole injection. Utilising the W-EBL in the epitaxy layers with an optimal effective barrier height structure can reduce the overflowing electron and increase the transportation of hole into the active region. The increment in confinement of carrier in the multiple quantum well (MQW) increased the radiative recombination rates and boosted the luminescence intensity of the DUV-LED by 48%.
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creator: Mohammad Amirul Hairol Aman
creator: Nurul Fathinah Azrisham
creator: Ahmad Nadzimuddin Nazmi
creator: Ahmad Fakhrurrazi Ahmad Noorden
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Amirul Hairol Aman, Nurul Fathinah Azrisham, Ahmad Nadzimuddin Nazmi, Ahmad Fakhrurrazi Ahmad Noorden https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 125
ending page: 132
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9714

Adsorption Behavior During Decolorization of Crude Glycerin Solution
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description: Crude glycerin, a by-product of the transesterification of oleochemicals, undergoes several processes to recover glycerine, which is commercially used in many daily personal care products. Crude glycerin is typically brown due to the solution's presence of lignin, tannin, and organic matter. This study uses sewage sludge as an adsorbent to decolorize crude glycerin through an adsorption process. Initially, the crude glycerin and the prepared adsorbent will be characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional groups, color concentration with UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and particle size distribution using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The adsorption behavior was elucidated at different agitation speeds (62.5 rpm, 125 rpm, and 250 rpm), adsorbent dosages (10 g/L, 20 g/L, and 30 g/L), and particle sizes of the adsorbent (100 microns, 200 microns, and 300 microns). The color intensity before and after adsorption was analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the absorbance was used to determine the percentage of color removal. The findings showed that the optimum color removal from crude glycerin was achieved at 125 rpm agitation speed, 30 g/L adsorbent dosage, and 100 microns of adsorbent particle size, with 33.4%, 40.8%, and 40.2% of removal, respectively. At a 125 rpm agitation speed, the Langmuir isotherm fit the experimental data with KL­­​ and qmax values of 0.0028 L/mg and 8.25 mg/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm could describe the adsorption process at 30 g/L adsorbent dosage with KF and 1/n values of 0.142 mg/g and 0.135, respectively. Additionally, the experimental findings using 100 microns of adsorbent fit well with the Langmuir isotherm, with KL​ and qmax​ values of 0.057 L/mg and 0.246 mg/g, respectively.
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creator: Indok Nurul Hasyimah Mohd Amin
creator: Nursyakirah Ahmad Suhaimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indok Nurul Hasyimah Mohd Amin, Nursyakirah Ahmad Suhaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 116
ending page: 124
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9712

Self-Healing Natural Rubber (NR) Based on Zinc Diacrylate (ZDA) Networks
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description: Rubber product waste has an impact on the environment that goes beyond landfills. Due to the long degradation phase of rubber materials, improper disposal can lead to the release of potentially hazardous substances and environmental pollution. Self-healing offers an alternative to investing in environmentally manufactured products to reduce these harmful environmental effects. Zinc diacrylate was grafted into natural rubber as a self-healing substance. This study aimed to examine the effect of zinc diacrylate, as a self-healing agent, on the properties of zinc diacrylate grafted natural rubber. The tensile properties of the cured rubber were tested before and after the healing process to determine the healing efficiency of the zinc diacrylate grafted natural rubber, and it achieved 72% healing efficiency. The crosslink density test findings indicate that the covalent crosslink density increased with increasing zinc diacrylate content. In contrast, the ionic crosslinking increased with increasing zinc diacrylate content until it reached a maximum value at NR/10ZDA and decreased at 20 phr of zinc diacrylate. Covalent and reversible ionic interactions were present in NR/10ZDA and NR/20ZDA. FESEM images corroborated the results, showing that NR with 10 phr of zinc diacrylate had the best tensile strength, elongation at break, and self-healing ability. The fractured contact surface of NR/10 ZDA revealed no discernible gap, indicative of a highly effective self-repairing process. This study demonstrates zinc diacrylate’s potential as a self-healing agent that could render a new era of ecologically friendly rubber goods.
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creator: Nurul Fatihah Ismadi
creator: Nurul Aizan Mohd Zaini
creator: Dalina Samsudin
creator: Faiezah Hashim
creator: Zainathul Akhmar Salim Abdul Salim Abdul Salim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Fatihah Ismadi, Nurul Aizan Mohd Zaini, Dalina Samsudin, Faiezah Hashim, Zainathul Akhmar Salim Abdul Salim Abdul Salim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 108
ending page: 115
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9693

Mobile Application for Stunting Recognition Education Using Video-Based Learning Method
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description: Stunting is a nutritional problem in Indonesia that negatively impacts children's capacity for growth and development. The importance of stunting education in Indonesia is highly emphasized because stunting is very prevalent in Indonesia. The observation activities found that many parents did not know about the use of stunting applications, and 98 children experienced stunting. This research aims to design mobile android-based stunting learning media using material sources taken from stunting books and journals. The learning media concept is created in the form of video-based learning. The waterfall research model includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The testing carried out in this research consisted of black box testing, and software functionality was able to run well and was declared successful. In contrast, for material testing, after being calculated on a Likert scale, the result was 96,9% and got an excellent score, same as learning media testing, which reached a mark of 94,8% and got an excellent score, same integrated healthcare center (posyandu) mothers for user testing. It received a score of 95.8% based on the results, which concluded that the testing of this application was excellent and was used as a learning medium for parents to understand stunting.
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creator: Khoirunnisa Larasati
creator: Faisal Reza Pradhana
creator: Dihin Muriyatmoko
creator: Muhammad Alwi Yusron
creator: Lulu’ Luthfiyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khoirunnisa Larasati, Faisal Reza Pradhana, Dihin Muriyatmoko, Muhammad Alwi Yusron, Lulu’ Luthfiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 98
ending page: 107
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9692

Comparison of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Quality of 3D Printed Parts from Various Slicing Software and Infill Patterns
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description: Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a subcategory of Additive Manufacturing (AM). FFF is also widely used in 3D printing technology with the globally known AM. To accommodate the rapid growth, numerous research studies and developments have contributed to the significant achievement of FFF. For example, many slicing software applications are available to provide better-quality printed parts. The purpose of slicing software is to instruct the 3D printer to perform operations. Therefore, selecting the best slicing software among various options is crucial. In this article, a comparative study of dimensional accuracy and surface quality of 3D printed parts from various slicing software (Ultimaker Cura, PrusaSlicer, and CraftWare Pro) and infill patterns (line, grid, and gyroid) was conducted. Dimensional accuracy was measured based on the dimensional error recorded by the printed parts to the designed dimension. Meanwhile, the surface quality was measured based on the surface roughness value recorded from the printed parts. The lowest surface roughness was suggested as a better surface quality product. From the study conducted, it can be concluded that Ultimaker Cura produced better dimensional accuracy compared to PrusaSlicer and CraftWare Pro. In addition, the infill pattern did not affect the dimensional accuracy of the produced part. In contrast, the infill pattern affected the slicing software selection for surface quality. A line pattern using CraftWare Pro is recommended to produce better surface quality. Meanwhile, Ultimaker Cura is ideal for generating grid infill patterns, whereas PrusaSlicer is recommended for gyroid infill patterns.
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creator: Normariah Che Maideen
creator: Koay Mei Hyie
creator: Nor Azirah Mohd Fohimi
creator: Nor Suhada Abdullah
creator: Lyvanrick Slyvaris Jumly
creator: Shuib Sahudin
creator: Hamid Yusoff
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Normariah Che Maideen, Koay Mei Hyie, Nor Azirah Mohd Fohimi, Nor Suhada Abdullah, Lyvanrick Slyvaris Jumly, Shuib Sahudin, Hamid Yusoff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 90
ending page: 97
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9686

Simulation of AlGaN-based DUV-LED with The Variation of Step Al-graded QWs Configuration
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description: Analysis of aluminum composition grading is presented to enhance the efficiency of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs). The optical performance of LEDs with varying quantum well (QW) thickness and aluminum composition grading were examined through drift-diffusion simulations. All LEDs featured step-graded QWs from 0.43 to 0.45 aluminum composition and have a total QW thickness of 3 nm, with thickness variations occurring at different aluminum composition gradings. Compared to LEDs with 0.5 nm and 1 nm QW thickness at an aluminum composition grading of 0.43, the LED with 1.5 nm demonstrated a high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 53.06%. The LED emitted at 283.327 nm. This design mitigated polarization effects, enhanced carrier injection efficiency, and improved carrier transport within QWs. This, in turn, increased the radiative recombination rates and luminescence intensity of the LEDs.
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creator: Wan Nur Amierha Wan Ibrahim
creator: Faris Azim Ahmad Fajri
creator: Mohammad Amirul Hairol Aman
creator: Ahmad Fakhrurrazi Ahmad Noorden
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Nur Amierha Wan Ibrahim, Faris Azim Ahmad Fajri, Mohammad Amirul Hairol Aman, Ahmad Fakhrurrazi Ahmad Noorden https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 80
ending page: 89
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9683

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Based Classification of Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Utilizing MATLAB
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description: This study applied MATLAB-based artificial neural network (ANN) methods to predict photocatalytic dye degradation. Standard experimental techniques need help to capture process complexity, hindering accurate predictions. Leveraging machine learning, specifically ANN, and optimal design and input variables, this research overcame challenges to create a prediction model. Real-life data were used to evaluate the model's accuracy, offering valuable insights into effective and affordable wastewater treatment approaches. The Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm wasemployed in this study's ANN architecture and was well-suited to non-linear regression problems. Experimental data on photocatalytic dye degradation were used as real-life data that serve as the basis for evaluating the accuracy and performance of the prediction model. The results showed that the ANN models performed well, with R2 values ranging from 0.9917 to 0.99814 in training, validation, and testing for the selected structure (3-10-1) predictions for photocatalytic dye degradation. This study successfully developed a highly accurate ANN model for predictingphotocatalytic dye degradation during wastewater treatment, demonstrating machine learning’s promising potential for optimizing such environmental processes.
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creator: Mohd Arif Effandi Samawi
creator: Mohd Fadhil Majnis
creator: Mohd Azam Mohd Adnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Arif Effandi Samawi, Mohd Fadhil Majnis, Mohd Azam Mohd Adnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 69
ending page: 79
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9674

Unveiling Polypropylene's Repetitive Recycling Potential at High Temperatures
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description: Polypropylene (PP) is renowned for its lightweight, chemical stability, hygienic properties, and low cost, making it a valuable material in many applications. However, improper disposal of PP presents significant environmental hazards. One of the efforts made to reduce plastic pollution is through recycling. The semi-crystalline behavior of PP is prone to degradation in its mechanical performance, especially when the plastic undergoes a high-temperature reheating process. This study investigated the degradation limits of recycled PP produced from injection molding from the 15th to 19th cycles at two different temperatures, namely 220 °C and 240 °C. A comparison of the tensile and bending properties of the recycled product was made for these two temperatures to determine the maximum limit of PP degradation. When recycling began at the 15th cycle, there was a significant reduction in tensile and bending properties compared to the original PP. Subsequently, the degradation rate was relatively slow from the 15th to the 19th cycles. As the recycling temperature increased, it was found that the degradation of yield strength became more severe. The decrease in bending strength could be more pronounced with the effect of temperature. The color transformation of recycled PP, resulting from the chain scission effect, contributed to the deterioration of its mechanical properties. Thus, industrial users must consider the down-cycling resilience to extend PP recycling beyond 15 cycles.
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creator: Koay Mei Hyie
creator: Nor Suhada Abdullah
creator: Hamid Yusoff
creator: Normariah Che Maideen
creator: Nor Azirah Fohimi
creator: Mohd Hidayat Wajdi Abu Seman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Koay Mei Hyie, Nor Suhada Abdullah, Hamid Yusoff, Normariah Che Maideen, Nor Azirah Fohimi, Mohd Hidayat Wajdi Abu Seman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 60
ending page: 68
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9672

Phytochemistry, Cytoprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Myrmecodia platytyrea Ethyl Acetate Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells
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description: Inflammation is a hallmark pathology for many diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. Myrmecodia platytyrea(Rubiaceae), an epiphytic plant native to Southeast Asia, Australasia, and Papua Island, has been investigated for its ethnomedicinal applications. However, the potential effects of ethyl acetate extract from M. platytyrea against inflammation are yet to be widely studied. This present study sought to evaluate the phytochemical components of M. platytyrea ethyl acetate extract and investigate its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Phytochemical screening was performed based on standard qualitative tests, while the IC50 value of the extract in RAW 264.7 cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Subsequently, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with various extract concentrations (2, 4, and 8 µg/mL) and induced with 1 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The effect of the extract on cell viability and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured using MTT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phytosterols in the extract. The extract displayed moderate cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells, with an IC50 value of 61.53 ± 1.26 μg/mL. It protected RAW 264.7 cells against LPS-induced cell growth inhibition and significantly reduced TNF-α levels dose-dependently. As a result, this study demonstrated the potential of M. platytyrea as a natural source for developing a therapeutic agent for inflammation-related diseases.
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creator: Aisyah Jaafar
creator: Aisyah Hasyila Jahidin
creator: Fazleen Haslinda Mohd Hatta
creator: Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
creator: Mizaton Hazizul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aisyah Jaafar, Aisyah Hasyila Jahidin, Fazleen Haslinda Mohd Hatta, Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir, Mizaton Hazizul Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-28
publication date: 2024-10-28
starting page: 50
ending page: 59
doi: 10.24191/scl.v18i4.9671