Built Environment Journal

Issues and Challenges of Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation in Facilities Management

Nor Audra Laily Mohd Sabri — 2024-09-30

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one of the industry's emerging construction technologies. However, BIM adoption for Facilities Management (FM) has not yet been acknowledged. Traditional processes continue to drive FM in Malaysia, signalling the country's economic development and competitiveness. The likely cause is a lack of comprehension of information exchange on the BIM platform throughout the life cycle of the project. Consequently, the aim of this research is to explore and analyse the challenges and strategies associated with the implementation of BIM in FM, with the goal of providing actionable insights to enhance the adoption and effectiveness of BIM in the FM sector. The objectives of the research are to investigate the issues and challenges of BIM implementation in FM and to study the strategies for implementing BIM in FM. This research is using a quantitative method, by online questionnaire survey and SPSS software, to analyses the collected data. Non-probability sampling was applied as the method of sampling. 57 questionnaires were distributed to FM corporate companies in Malaysia based on the MAFM website, but only 19 responses with a 33% response rate were received. The findings of this study revealed a variety of issues and challenges with BIM implementation in Malaysian FM. One of the issues with BIM implementation in FM is the lack of integration between BIM and FM. However, the incompatibility of building automation systems and other FM technologies with BIM typically causes interoperability issues. As a result, government support for promoting BIM in the construction industry, as well as BIM education and training, is critical for increasing BIM adaptation in AEC organisations.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreaks Towards Malaysian Contractors: An Analysis of Contractors’ Strategies

Nur Fatin Firzanah Mohd Naseri — 2024-09-30

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected over 4.3 million individuals and caused the death of more than 290,000 people. Moreover, it has aroused apprehension among citizens regarding a global economic problem and the potential for a recession. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on workers in Malaysia and identify the resulting difficulties they have faced. This study investigates the repercussions of COVID-19 infections on the building sector in Malaysia, with a specific emphasis on the influence it has had on Malaysian contractors and their subsequent reactions. This study employs a quantitative approach and leverages an online poll developed through Google Forms. Total numbers of 175 questionnaires were distributed to contractors categorised as G1–G7 based on the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Website in 2023. The response rate was 56%, with 98 questionnaires received for processing. The analysis revealed that Malaysian building contractors ranging from G1 to G7 possess a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 outbreaks. These contractors acknowledge the significance of contractor tactics in the Malaysian construction industry. The respondents concur that the COVID-19 pandemic plans implemented by contractors are beneficial for the construction industry. The validation of the identified methods by the respondents confirms their effectiveness in addressing immediate challenges and promoting sustainability and resilience in the building industry during times of global pandemic concerns.

Relationship Between Schedule Delay Factors and Project Performance in Civil Engineering Works

Nurul Mahirah Sharuddin — 2024-09-30

A schedule delay occurs when there is an event or condition that delays the project's commencement or progress. In this case, the completion and delivery of construction projects are deemed ineffective if they fail to satisfy the predetermined criteria, budget, schedule, and stakeholder expectations. As a result, early detection of delays is critical to minimizing their impact on construction project performance. Consequently, this research aims to investigate the relationship between schedule delay factors and project performance in civil engineering works. To achieve this, the contributing factors of schedule delays, the effects of schedule delays and ways that can be taken to overcome schedule delays were identified using questionnaire surveys. The surveys were distributed to G7 civil engineering contractors and 144 were returned. Then, the data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha and Kruskal-Wallis test statistics. Based on the research, the study reveals that weakness in the operational system, contractors’ lack of capability in terms of finances and lack of experience of the contractor are the major factors resulting in the delayed completion of civil engineering projects. The findings of the study are intended to offer those involved in civil construction projects appropriate solutions for countering schedule delays.

Analysing the Factors Affecting Implementation and Cost Analysis of Biodigester Systems: Toward Sustainable Waste Management Solutions

Firas Qistina Mohd Razlan — 2024-09-30

Biodigester systems have recently drawn attention as an innovative and long-term solution to food waste since they use organic waste to produce biogas and bio-fertilisers rather than dump food waste in landfills. Food waste is a worldwide problem that negatively impacts on the environment, society, and economy. Therefore, implementing a biodigester system will reduce food waste issues. The conversion of food waste to biogas has high potential as a sustainable waste management solution. This study aims to establish a deeper understanding of implementing a biodigester system by identifying the factors to consider when implementing a biodigester system and analysing the associated costs. This study utilises three case studies of three (3) biodigester systems in Klang Valley that three (3) local authorities have implemented, as well as semi-structured interviews with assistant directors from the local authorities. As for the outcome, the feedstock supply is the factor to consider when implementing a biodigester system, and its cost ranges from RM 200,000.00 to RM 450,000.00. The output of the study can be deployed as a lead to boost its implementation and improvement in the future.

Impacts of Cybersecurity Threats on Construction Stakeholders in Malaysia Amidst Industrial Revolution 4.0

Ramli Isa — 2024-09-30

Cybersecurity is one of the elements of IR 4.0 which is created to provide security and protect digital information which includes construction industry from expose to cybersecurity threat. Cyberthreats happen to any digital device and working in digitalisation environment, files will be shared online, everyone can access those files if it does not provide a security password to open it. There are ways to overcome and minimise cybersecurity threats which need to be explored to avoid threats. Thus, the aim is to explore the impacts of the cybersecurity threats among stakeholders in construction in IR 4.0. The objectives are to identify the potential threats of cybersecurity on construction stakeholders in Malaysia, followed by recommendation ways to improve the implementation of cybersecurity usage among stakeholders and minimise threats incidents for safety purposes for construction stakeholders’ company. The data obtained using quantitative method where the random sampling survey conducted through distribution of questionnaire to stakeholders in construction. Findings show that, cybersecurity systems in construction are not very deep because currently the construction sector is not a major contributor in cyber security intrusions and threats. Stakeholders in construction implement cybersecurity measures such as use of anti-virus, regular software update etc., which most of these are related to their task where all work is now completed using digitalised gadget. In terms of ways to improve the implementation of cybersecurity usage among stakeholders and minimise threats incidents, it can be concluded that individual approach is the most effective way medium to overcome this problem.

Digitalisation Adoption Toward NCP 2030 in the Malaysian Construction Industry

Cornelia Jasmine Anak Sajat — 2024-09-30

The National Construction Policy 2030 (NCP2030) serves as a cornerstone for fostering sustainable development in Malaysia by 2030. However, the Malaysian construction industry encounters obstacles in embracing digitalisation, including a lack of knowledge, resistance to change, and contradictory research findings. This research aims to investigate the readiness of the Malaysian construction industry to adopt digitalisation in construction aligned with the NCP2030. The objectives of this research are to identify the readiness of Malaysian consultant firms to adopt digitalisation in their construction process and to explore the challenges of digitalisation adoption in the Malaysian construction industry. Furthermore, to examine the way forward of Malaysia's construction toward digitalisation transformation. This study employed a simple random sampling survey as a research instrument with a total of 35 respondents replying to the survey and was analyzed through IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics (Version 29). The findings reveal a moderate level of readiness in the Malaysian construction industry, aligned with the NCP2030. Despite facing challenges, such as resistance to change, the industry demonstrates a proactive commitment by providing digital literacy training and embracing digital tools. In addition, most consultant firms are now using various digitalisation strategies in their work process, including Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in their projects. This commitment is exemplified by the industry's quick adoption of digital technologies, ranging from basic software to advanced solutions. It is significant for the project personnel to utilise digital tools to promote sustainable and efficient construction practices.

The Application of Green Elements in Bungalow Residential Projects

Sofia Nabilah Mohamad Zahid — 2024-09-30

Energy usage is the main culprit in multiple environmental problems. Usage of energy in residential sectors has contributed significantly to the primary energy consumption. Almost one million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO²) can be reduced by applying green building elements in constructing, operating, and designing residential structures. Integrating green building elements as sustainable strategies can help to consume less energy and water while lowering carbon emissions. Extensive application of green building elements can uplift the detrimental impacts of development towards the environment. Thus, this study aims to investigate the green building elements suitable for bungalow residential projects in Malaysia. The achieve the aim of this study, three (3) objectives are utilised which are to identify green elements appropriate for residential bungalow developments, to determine green elements that work best for bungalow projects, and to analyse the barriers in applying the green elements in bungalow residential projects. The method for data collection administered in this study is semi-structured interviews with property developers that have involved in bungalow residential projects. The data collected has highlighted green building elements such as energy efficiency, waste management, and indoor environmental quality as crucial foundations for environmentally responsible and sustainable designs. The combination of these elements is necessary and effective to reduce energy usage and CO² emissions for bungalow residential building projects.

The Implementation of Green Building Index (GBI) towards Green Township in Cyberjaya

Nur Fariza Abd Hadi — 2024-09-30

The Green Building Index (GBI) is Malaysia’s industry-recognized green rating tool for building to promote sustainability in built environments among the developers, architects, engineers, contractors, and public on the environmental issue. The GBI-rated green building in Cyberjaya as a subject of this study is the factor that leads Cyberjaya towards the green township label in Malaysia. In achieving a green township, there are several classifications of the building that contributes to green and environmentally sustainable conditions. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of implementation of Green Building Index (GBI) rated buildings in Cyberjaya towards achieving green township. The objective of this research is to identify the user’s satisfaction level of green buildings in Cyberjaya, examine significant elements that benefit green building applications in Cyberjaya and to evaluate the implementation of GBI-rating certified buildings in Cyberjaya towards meeting a green township. Data findings for this study has been collected through method of questionnaire among 122 respondents from three (3) classification of green buildings in Cyberjaya which are commercial building: MCMC Tower 1, institutional building: Cyberjaya Hospital and assembly building: Raja Haji Fi Sabilillah Mosque. Therefore, through this study, the researchers would like to know how the implementation of Green Building Index (GBI) can lead to green township in Cyberjaya.

The Implementation of 5D BIM in Construction Management: Benefits and Challenges Faced by Construction Professionals

Nur Dalisya Humaira Mohd Saupi — 2024-09-30

The rapid evolution of technology necessitates integrating new tools within educational curricula, especially in fields like technical and construction education. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one such advanced technology that has been increasingly adopted by universities worldwide to enhance Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) programs. BIM facilitates the creation of digital information models, significantly benefiting construction management through improved design comprehension, quantity take-off, and cost estimation. Among its advancements, 5 Dimensional (5D) BIM stands out by enabling users to visualise the impact of design changes on both project cost and timeline. However, its usage is still at the infancy level due to some issues. This paper examines the benefits and challenges of integrating 5D BIM into construction management within the Malaysian construction industry. Data were gathered via an online survey targeting contractors, consultants, and developers, and further analysed using SPSS Average Index (AI). Findings reveal that 5D BIM is highly valued for optimizing time management, enhancing quality control, and improving cost estimation. Nevertheless, significant challenges hinder its broader adoption, including a lack of training and expertise, integration difficulties with existing workflows, technical limitations, and lack of acceptance and standardisation of 5D BIM practice. By addressing these challenges, the construction industry in Malaysia can better harness the potential of 5D BIM, leading to enhanced project efficiency and productivity.

Smart Construction Implementation in the Malaysian Construction Industry

Yazira Ayob — 2024-09-30

Smart construction involves the entire process of advancing digitisation, connectivity, visualisation, automation, and intelligence. Malaysia has recently started implementing smart construction, particularly in line with Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the implementation of smart construction in the Malaysian construction industry. Two (2) objectives were outlined: to identify the components of smart construction and to determine the benefits of smart construction in the Malaysian construction industry. An extensive literature review was done to obtain general information related to the components of smart construction and its benefits at large. A 254 questionnaire surveys were distributed to the G7 contractors in Johor via an online platform to learn in-depth about the components and benefits of smart construction in the Malaysian context. 31% of responses were obtained and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Findings revealed two (2) main components of smart construction: digital technologies and manufacturing, and five (5) core benefits have been identified. Thus, the emergence of smart construction will lead to better construction site management, proper construction monitoring, enhanced resource and asset management, and improved workplace safety. This research acts as a continuous source of information for the ongoing research undertaken by the author on the need to establish smart construction concepts in the Malaysian construction industry.

The Potential of Abandoned Heritage Buildings as Tourism Attraction: A Case Study in Papan, Perak

Nurul Asyikin Khairudin — 2024-10-03

This research explores the potential of abandoned heritage buildings as a tourism attraction, focusing on abandoned heritage buildings in Papan, Perak. These buildings, once significant in their era, now stand dilapidated and abandoned, evoking both aesthetic allure and safety concerns. Despite the inherent dangers, enthusiasts of dark tourism are drawn to these neglected structures. The study aims to investigate the viability of leveraging Papan's abandoned heritage buildings for tourism purposes. Key objectives include identifying the heritage significance of these abandoned buildings, assessing tourist expectations and satisfaction regarding Papan's abandoned buildings, and proposing strategies for their development as tourist attractions. Employing a quantitative method approach, the author distributed questionnaires to tourists who have and have not visited Papan. Findings indicate significant potential for Papan as a tourist destination, as evidenced by positive responses from respondents. However, dissatisfaction with tourism facilities and safety highlights areas for improvement. Overall, the research underscores the allure of abandoned heritage buildings and provides valuable insights for enhancing Papan's appeal as a heritage tourism destination.

Development and Prospect of Cultural Landscape Heritage Preservation in China

Yangrui Wu — 2024-10-03

Cultural landscape heritage has garnered increasing global attention since being recognised on the World Heritage List 32 years ago. With its 5,000-year cultural history, China has cultivated a multitude of cultural and natural heritage, yet only seven Chinese cultural landscape sites are listed as World Heritage. Without comprehensive study and protection measures, the value of these landscapes might not be fully realised. This paper aims to enhance the understanding and protection of China's cultural landscapes. The study employs summary, textual, and comparative analysis methods. It begins by reviewing the concepts and characteristics of cultural landscapes and cultural heritage. It then categorises global research on cultural landscape protection, with a focus on World Heritage applications. The legal protection status of China's cultural landscapes is examined, followed by a comparative analysis of protection measures in selected Asian and European countries, identifying effective practices and areas for improvement. The research highlights significant gaps in the protection of China's cultural landscapes. The findings underscore the importance of valuing cultural landscapes as vital components of natural heritage. The paper concludes by proposing four basic principles for the protection and development of China's cultural landscapes, aiming to enhance legislative measures, promote societal awareness, and provide a framework for future legal developments, ensuring the preservation of these landscapes for future generations.

Ecological Construction of Drainage Systems in Traditional Chinese Settlements: A Case Study of Linfeng Village

Hou Jialin — 2024-10-04

Rainfall is extremely important as a key link in the natural cycle system. With the rapid development of urbanisation, there are generally a series of water environment problems in residential compounds. The sustainable development theory of modern architecture emphasises the mutual promotion and coordinated development with traditional architecture. Traditional Chinese settlements are worthy of our reference and learning, both in terms of design concepts and construction techniques. This paper focuses on Linfeng Village, a traditional settlement located in Pingdingshan City and uses it as the subject of research. Through research methods such as field research and case studies, the water culture and drainage flood control system of Linfeng Village are analysed. Then the rainwater system composition and drainage system construction technology of typical residential buildings are studied. It is found that Linfeng Village fully embodies the concept of utilising the natural environment and climate resources to create a suitable living environment in its site selection. The drainage system of the residential buildings is designed together with the overall water system of the settlement to form a water circulation system. In terms of construction techniques, different terrain and climatic conditions directly affect the use function of the building and the construction of the rainwater system. The amount of rainfall directly affects the construction methods and techniques of roofs, walls, and courtyards in residential buildings. Through the study, on the one hand, is conducive to the protection of China's ancient architectural heritage in the new situation. On the other hand, it provides new ideas and coping strategies for professionals in the design of building drainage systems.

The Environmental Effects of Courtyard Design in Penghulu Demang Abdul Ghani Malay Traditional House, Melaka

Nur Najah Mohd Sadri — 2024-10-04

A courtyard in a traditional Malay house is an outdoor space surrounded by buildings or walls. The primary purpose is to provide better environmental effects for the building's indoor design. The study focuses on Melaka's traditional Malay house courtyard style, particularly in Merlimau. The study seeks to comprehend the socio-cultural values of traditional Malay house courtyard design and how the courtyard design affects the surroundings. This study examines how the courtyard establishment affects traditional Malay houses by their environmental design factors. The environmental consequences of courtyard design at Demang Abdul Ghani house, Merlimau, Melaka, were chosen for this study. The questionnaire survey was used to collect the primary data, while the data were analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The primary finding revealed that the courtyard is an essential element for the environmental features used for preserving the traditional Malay environment. It also can be used to strategies the integrating between the environmental effects of the courtyards in Melaka's traditional Malay houses and the building's indoor design. The findings of traditional environmental strategies via courtyard design will contribute to the modern housing design. They will generally be the main root of mitigating the effect of climate change.

Improving Facilities Maintenance Management Practices for Government Quarters Apartment in Putrajaya

Mohd Azmi Saperi — 2024-10-04

Facilities Maintenance Management (FMM) practices such as preventive, corrective, and predictive maintenance are essential to ensure the effective operation of building systems. These practices involve regularly inspecting, fixing, and replacing building components to prevent failures and extend the building's lifespan. Maintaining high-rise residential buildings is a multifaceted task that necessitates a comprehensive approach to ensure the optimal functioning of all building systems. To maintain their condition and functionality, government quarters apartments rely heavily on FMM practices. This study provides an in-depth examination of FMM practices in government quarters apartments in Putrajaya, Malaysia. While there is existing research on facilities and maintenance services, there needs to be a more specific focus on high-rise residential buildings, particularly those in government quarters. Therefore, the study aims to improve FMM practices in government quarters apartments in Putrajaya. The research objectives are to identify the current FMM practices in these high-rise residential buildings and develop strategies for improvement. The research methodology adopts a qualitative research approach by collecting data via semi-structured interviews with Putrajaya Corporation (PjC) strategic management level personnel and five (5) facility managers from FM service providers. The data has been analysed using ATLAS. Ti software is based on content analysis techniques. The findings reveal that FM practices for these case studies employed a comprehensive approach that includes technological advancement, sustainability, asset management, communication, outsourcing, performance metrics, and training. The recommendation for strategies permits future research improvements and contributes to the FMM body of knowledge in the context of high-rise buildings and government quarters apartments.

The Value and Re-use Strategy of Traditional Houses Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of Wei’s Manor, Qingmuchuan, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China

Tian Haining — 2024-10-04

Chinese traditional culture is a vital pillar within ancient Chinese architecture. However, the urbanisation has jeopardised numerous traditional residential areas, facing the imminent threats of demolition or alteration. The article comprehensively analyses the foundational data of Wei's Manor in Qingmuchuan from various perspectives. It combines historical architectural evaluation indicators to construct an evaluation framework encompassing historical value, cultural and artistic value, scientific value, practical utility, and economic value. The framework is tailored to suit the characteristics of the Wei's Manor in Qingmuchuan. The framework weights are calculated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and expert questionnaires. Based on this, the framework scores are graded to assess the developmental and protective value of Wei's Manor. The findings serve as a theoretical basis for the historical preservation and development of Qingmuchuan, as well as the southern region of Shaanxi. The research results reveal that the historical value of the Wei's Manor in Qingmuchuan is 0.3542, cultural and artistic value is 0.2736, scientific value is 0.1844, practical utility is 0.0867, and economic value is 0.1011. In the process of development, it is essential to integrate with tourism economic growth and prioritise the development of its historical and cultural values.

Visual Analysis of Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Hotspots Based on Knowledge Graph

Zhang Jiaxin — 2024-10-05

Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) research has experienced a significant period of systematic development and theoretical accumulation over time. To gain a clearer understanding of the evolution and trends within this field, existing research has been comprehensively organised and analysed. This study employs the knowledge graph method to provide a thorough examination of ICH research, drawing data from two (2) major academic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Scopus. By utilising advanced tools like CiteSpace and VOSviewer, the study offers a visual analysis of publications related to ICH, revealing patterns and shifts within this body of knowledge. The use of these tools enables the identification of key themes and trends, providing a more comprehensive perspective for future research. The research findings suggest that the study of intangible cultural heritage in China has gone through three (3) distinctive stages: an initial period of slow progress, followed by rapid growth, and ultimately entering a phase of stable development. Key research areas within this domain include the preservation, management, and sustainable utilisation of ICH. Furthermore, international research trends in China have been found to closely align with those in European countries, reflecting a high degree of synchronisation and similarity in research themes. However, despite these advancements, gaps remain in certain specific areas, such as design application, in-depth case studies, and innovative communication methods for ICH. Through the use of visual analysis tools, researchers can gain a more intuitive understanding of the development trajectory of the ICH field in China. This provides a scientific and practical reference for future studies and helps identify potential areas for further research in the field.

The Resilience of Tourism at Georgetown Heritage Sites: Insights from Local Community Engagement During Covid-19 Pandemic

Ahmad Nazrin Aris Anuar — 2024-10-05

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus rapidly spread worldwide, evolving into a significant pandemic that has impacted nearly every country. Georgetown, as a heritage site, has witnessed distinct effects of the crisis on cultural heritage sites and stakeholders, along with various economic implications. The primary impact on this heritage site has been a decline in visitor numbers due to government-imposed preventive measures such as movement restrictions. These measures have significantly affected the tourism sector's economy. However, local community engagement was insufficient during the strategic planning for tourism development at heritage sites. This research aims to understand the involvement of the local community in heritage sites at Georgetown during COVID-19. Specifically, the objective is to identify the challenges faced by the local community and tourism at heritage sites during COVID-19. This study utilised a quantitative approach by collecting data through an online survey questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), which revealed the challenges and opportunities posed by the pandemic at heritage sites. The findings underscored the importance of strong collaboration between the local community and authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, promoting domestic tourism among residents can help sustain cultural heritage and sensitivity. Organisations and management should prioritise strategies for engaging with the local community to sustain tourism at heritage sites while preserving and conserving their historical value.

Analysis of Particular Design Methods for Aging Landscapes in Residential Areas

Xiangyun Wang — 2024-10-05

With the rapid improvement of economic and social medical security in recent years, the global aging situation has deepened. At the same time, the elderly groups' demand for the healthy use of landscape environment has increased. This study analysed the characteristics of the elderly population and the use needs of age-appropriate landscapes. Based on the theories of design, landscape architecture, sustainable design, and the critical points of age-appropriate landscape design, this paper applies unique design methods for designing and constructing aging landscapes in residential areas. The characteristics analysis of elderly landscape design includes vertical and drainage design, barrier-free design, garden road traffic planning, planting design, and landscape sustainability. The results and analysis stated that in combination with the design methods, a comfortable, safe, ecologically sustainable, and liveable aging landscape space is a suitable design for the residential area, and the local cultural design concept can enhance the sense of belonging of the elderly. The findings will provide theoretical and practical guidance for the design and construction of residential landscapes with suitable ecological environments for the elderly.

Digital Preservation of Zhujiayu Village’s Cultural Landscape: A New Approach to Sustainable Development

Wang Tongyun — 2024-10-05

This paper examines Zhujiayu Village in China, focusing on its distinctive natural environment, traditional architecture, and intangible cultural heritage. By integrating digital preservation with sustainable development, the study aims to safeguard and perpetuate the unique cultural landscape of Zhujiayu Village. At the core of this study is the application of digital technology in the conservation of cultural landscapes by employing technologies such as 3D scanning, geographic information systems (GIS), and virtual reality (VR) to create a comprehensive digital archive of the village's traditional architecture, cultural landscapes, and intangible heritage. Through the creation of digital archives, a detailed record will be provided for the restoration projects of future buildings while raising public awareness of the protection of buildings and intangible cultural heritage. Through the construction of digital scenes, virtual tourism is promoted so that more people can understand the culture of Zhujiayu Village and reduce the wear and tear of intangible cultural heritage. The study also explores the challenges and opportunities of digital protection technologies, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts between government agencies, local communities, and tourism management organisations. In conclusion, the Zhujiayu Village Cultural Landscape digital conservation study model not only provides a pioneering approach to heritage conservation but also provides valuable insights and a framework that can be adapted and applied to other similar rural cultural heritage conservation in China, marking an important step towards the sustainable development of heritage conservation.

Beneficial Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Potential of Virtual Heritage Tours for Tourism in Malaysia

Nurul Farah Atikah Mohamad Zahar — 2024-10-05

Virtual heritage tours aim to recreate historical environments, offering immersive experiences that allow tourists to explore cultural and architectural landmarks remotely. These tours enhance the quality of the tourism experience by presenting visually engaging content and providing educational insights into the heritage and unique features of historical sites. Such virtual experiences create a sense of on-site presence, closely mimicking the authenticity of physical visits. This research investigates virtual heritage tour programs in Malaysia during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study has two (2) key objectives: first, to assess the efforts of travel agencies in developing virtual tour programs, and second, to evaluate the experiences and satisfaction of virtual tourists participating in these programs. The research classifies virtual heritage tours into three (3) main types: Virtual Reality (VR) tours, live experience tours, and pre-recorded tours. Data was collected by analysing travel agency websites offering virtual heritage services and surveys distributed to participants who experienced the tours. Two (2) travel agencies were selected as case studies. In addition, a survey was administered, targeting 100 respondents, with 72% (72 respondents) completing the questionnaire. The findings provide insights into the types of virtual technologies travel agencies use and highlight the levels of appreciation and engagement among virtual tourists during the pandemic lockdown. This study contributes to understanding the role and impact of virtual heritage tours in maintaining cultural engagement during restricted travel.