Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): VOLUME 9, NO. 2, SEPTEMBER 2025

Introduced in 2017, ESTEEM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities is an official journalof Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pulau Pinang with a registered e-ISSN2600-7274. It is an open-access journal that publishes articles in English and Bahasa Malaysia.Initially, it was published once a year, from January 2017 to December 2020, but changed itspublication frequency to twice a year starting in January 2021 to accommodate the increasingnumber of manuscript submissions. The journal adheres to traditional standards of double-blindpeer review with an average acceptance rate of 30%. Currently, the journal does not charge anyarticle processing fees for manuscripts submitted personally or collaboratively by authors.