Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment
MySE is indexed in MyCite. The Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment (MySE) (e-ISSN: 0128-247) is a peer reviewed access research publish twice a year in June dan December. The journal is dedicated to various issues focusing on 3 different fields which are Environmental Studies, Green & Sustainable and Urban Studies. MySE is indexed in MyCite. MySE is also availbale at Google Scholar. CLICK HERE TO VISIT MySE OFFICIAL WEBSITE CLICK HERE TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
Myse journal is a scholarly online, open access, peer reviewed journal. Started in June 2023, the Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment┬áis licensed under┬áCC BY-NC-ND 4.0
COMMUNITY-DRIVEN CONSERVATION OF PANTAI KELANANG’S DARK SKIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ASTRO-TOURISM
Dark sky conservation is crucial for sustainable tourism, especially with the rise of astro-tourism. While many countries in Europe and North America have integrated dark sky initiatives through governance and community participation, similar efforts in Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, remain limited. Light pollution from urban expansion, unregulated lighting, and development threatens stargazing opportunities and ecological balance. Hence, this study aims to explore community-driven strategies for dark sky conservation that support sustainable astro-tourism of Pantai Kelanang as a pilot site. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, including site observation, expert interviews, community surveys, and secondary data analysis, the study found strong public interest in stargazing, with 78.8% supporting related events and 69.7% advocating for light pollution reduction. Recommendations include zoning enforcement, improved infrastructure, and educational programs to enhance community involvement. Although limited by a small sample size and single-round observation, the study provides valuable insights into Pantai Kelanang’s potential as a sustainable astro-tourism destination and serves as a foundation for future research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raziah Ahmad, Robi’atul Al-Adawiyah Khairul Izam, Suriati Ahmad, Muhamad Solehin Fitry Rosley https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ENHANCING COMMUNITY LIVEABILITY IN BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK: IDENTIFYING KEY LEARNING AREAS AND GAPS THROUGH FACTOR ANALYSIS
Active community engagement plays a crucial role in fostering inclusivity and enhancing liveability. However, creating a liveable community presents challenges due to the complexity of liveability indices and the diverse range of indicators shaped by regional and cultural variations. In line with this ethos, this study endeavours to elucidate liveability indicators from the community's perspective using factor analysis. The data acquisition techniques encompassed both traditional and online methodologies, with respondents comprising 19 from face-to-face surveys and 31 from Google Forms. The survey outcomes illuminate several factors, notably safety, education, income, environmental quality, and well-being, which emerge as pivotal indicators in constituting a liveable community. These findings substantiate the community's articulated concerns, needs, and aspirations, underscoring the imperative to align with, embrace, and welcome these perspectives within the planning framework. Our present understanding of what characterizes a liveable community appears poised for further refinement and enrichment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Hisham Md Saman, Norhidayah Salleh, Mohamad Sofiyuddin Sanusi, Syazwani Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE PATTERN OF HERITAGE MOSQUE EXPANSION IN MELAKA AND ITS IMPACT ON CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
Mosque expansion is commonly done to accommodate growing congregations and improve facilities. However, for heritage mosques, expansion poses challenges by potentially affecting their cultural significance. This study examines the expansion patterns of Sino-Eclectic heritage mosques in Melaka and their impact on form, fabric, and function. Using qualitative methods, including observation and expert interviews, four case studies—Kampung Hulu Mosque, Tengkera Mosque, Kampung Duyong Mosque, and Serkam Pantai Mosque—were analysed. Findings show that expansions primarily occur at the left, right, and front verandas, rather than the qibla wall. Two approaches were identified: direct extensions from the original structure and separate structures connected by narrow pathways. These expansions affect architectural value by reducing appreciation for the original design while enhancing functionality. Roof shape, size, placement, and colour influence architectural perception. This study provides guidance on compatible expansions, emphasizing a balance between preserving tangible and intangible heritage values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahrudin Mohamed Som, Mohammad Rusdi Mohd Nasir, Wan Saiful Nizam Wan Mohamad, Izati Nabila Marzuki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTING THE GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN THE EAST COAST REGION
The implementation of the green building concept for human life creates cleaner and healthier environments for people to live in. However, this does not imply that everyone is interested in implementing the green construction concept by putting it into practice, as numerous obstacles are involved. Notably, insufficient research into the effects of implementing green building practices in the East Coast area has been identified. Accordingly, this study focuses on Kelantan city. The selected research methodology applies a structured interview conducted among the construction players involved in the green building project. The data collected was analysed using an ATLAS.ti tool. The findings show that several impacts of implementing the green building concept are helping to reduce energy and waste, upgrading the construction industry, reducing air or water pollution, and helping to attract professional teams to work in Kelantan, thus, achieving more sustainable development of construction projects in Kelantan city and increasing the supply of local green material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Izatul Farrita Mohd Kamar, Nor Suzila Lop, Tanti Lyana Farisha Mohd Zulkarnain, Wahyudi P Utama, Putranesia Thaha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PREDICTIVE CLASSIFICATION MODELLING OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PRACTICES USING ONLINE TRAVEL AGENT PLATFORM: A MALAYSIAN CASE STUDY
Tourism is a key pillar of Malaysia’s economy, recognized in the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) as one of the 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) that contribute to high-income status. However, the sector faces challenges, particularly in accommodation, due to environmental concerns and difficulties in measuring sustainable tourism. This study applies supervised machine learning classification techniques to develop a predictive model that classifies future sustainable tourism practices within Malaysia’s accommodation sector. Using data from an Online Travel Agent (OTA) platform, the model addresses data gaps and provides valuable insights for informed decision-making, aligned with the environmental conservation. The research is divided into four phases: literature review, data collection via web scraping, data modelling, and model evaluation. As the outcome, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model with 22 sets of features outperformed others, achieving an F1-score of 58%, recall of 83%, and Precision Recall Area Under the Curve (PRAUC) of 65%. These findings enhance both the understanding and forecasting of sustainability trends in tourist accommodation using online data.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fiza Abdul Rahim, Nazmirul Izzad Nassir, Raja Marzyani Raja Mazlan, Ramona Ramli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESIDENTS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVED HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Solid waste management is a major environmental challenge facing most developing countries. The goal of this study is to identify the factors that influence residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved solid waste management in Shah Alam city, Malaysia and Ibadan city, Nigeria. A total of 440 residents were randomly selected across residential neigbourhoods in the two cities. The contingent valuation method (CVM) involving two hypothetical improved service scenarios in waste management were used to estimate WTP. Binary logit regression analysis technique was employed to determine factors that influence residents’ WTP. Findings from the study revealed that on average, residents from Shah Alam city are willing to pay RM58.47 (USD$12.2) for the proposed service improvement in waste management, while Ibadan city residents are willing to pay ₦4,796 (USD$ 3.4). In terms of factors that influence WTP for improved SWM, results showed that income, household size, and educational qualifications have significant influence on WTP for improved SWM in both cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Eeda Haji Ali, Nurain Mohd Talmizi, Syazwani Ahmad, Siti Kartina Juhari, Stephen Enyinnaya Eluwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GREEN SPACES DESIGN IN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS: A REVIEW OF LANDSCAPE PRACTICE OF SUSTAINABILITY AND STUDENTS’ WELL-BEING
This study explores the design characteristics of green spaces in Malaysian universities and their influence on students’ well-being. The research aims to identify key landscape features that contribute to sustainability and user satisfaction within higher education campuses. A systematic literature review was conducted, covering 50 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 across major academic databases. The analysis revealed that integrating both softscape and hardscape elements, such as vegetation, water features, pathways, and seating, plays a vital role in enhancing environmental quality and psychological restoration. The findings highlight the importance of accessibility, diversity, and the aesthetic balance of green spaces in shaping sustainable and student-centred campus environments. The study provides practical insights for university planners and architects to improve campus liveability and promote well-being through evidence-based landscape design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayah Z A Sadeq, Wan Norisma Wan Ismail, Azhani Abd. Manaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EMPOWERING HOMES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF RESIDENTIAL SOLAR ENERGY IN MALAYSIA
This study examines the socioeconomic and environmental advantages of adopting home solar energy in Malaysia. The research is driven by the increasing global focus on renewable energy sources to address climate change and diminish reliance on fossil fuels. Notwithstanding Malaysia's potential for solar energy, the adoption of household solar systems remains constrained. The study examines the issue of insufficient solar energy utilisation in Malaysian households, which impedes economic savings for families and broader environmental objectives. This study aims to analyse the effects of home solar systems on household energy expenses, gauge public awareness of the benefits of solar energy, and examine the environmental advantages associated with solar energy utilization. A mixed-methods approach was employed to collect data via surveys and interviews with homeowners who have installed solar panels. The results indicate substantial decreases in electricity expenses, a high degree of user satisfaction, and large reductions in carbon emissions. The report advocates for enhanced government incentives, public awareness initiatives, and optimised installation procedures to promote broader adoption of solar technology in residential sectors. These strategies are essential for improving energy sustainability and securing enduring socioeconomic and environmental advantages for Malaysian communities.
solar power; residential solar users; benefits; experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farihah Hassan, Suzei Mat Nurudin, Zarina Mohd Zain, Reza Fathurrahman, Mohd Zainuddin Awang Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEMS IN CHINA AND MALAYSIA
The current research provides a comparative overview of Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) investigations in China and Malaysia covering the time period of 2010 to 2024. The PRISMA framework was applied for the analysis of 61 empirical studies 45 from China and 16 from Malaysia. Both countries aim at sustainability but emphasize different aspects in their research, which is impacted by climate, socio-economic factors, and policy frameworks. Chinese research, which is backed by a government initiative, points at environmental impacts like thermal regulation, air quality, and carbon reduction. Malaysian research, though limited, emphasizes passive cooling, thermal comfort, and cost-effectiveness in a tropical climate. The Chinese research is mostly in the field of environmental sciences with 28.9% of the total while Malaysia has a more even representation of environmental, architectural, and interdisciplinary fields (each 18.8%). In terms of focus, Chinese studies dominate with environmental aspects (51.1%), whereas Malaysian studies share between economic (50.0%) and social benefits (31.2%). The results indicate that climate and governance are factors that determine VGS research direction and application. China has managed to integrate urban areas on a large scale, whereas Malaysia still struggles with policy and maintenance issues. The impact of this study is that it sets the stage for cross-country learning in order to promote the adoption of sustainable urban development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yi Huan, Azmiah Abd-Ghafar, Aini Jasmin Ghazalli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GLOBAL RESEARCH TRENDS ON GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Green technology plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainability within the construction and manufacturing sectors. Growing global awareness of carbon emission reduction has accelerated research efforts to develop low impact and resource efficient solutions. This study applies a bibliometric approach to examine global research trends, thematic evolution, and the scientific impact of green technology. A total of 227 publications indexed in the Web of Science database were analysed using RStudio and VOSviewer. The results reveal three developmental phases; the Early Growth Phase (2009–2013), the Major Growth Phase (2014–2018), and the Rapid Development Phase (2019–2025), with the latter showing a sharp increase in publication output, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Dominant research themes include performance optimization, energy efficiency, environmental impact assessment, and resource management. Civil engineering, environmental sciences, and multidisciplinary domains contribute substantially to this knowledge base. Thematic and keyword analyses indicate a future research direction emphasizing regulatory policy transformation, green product innovation, life cycle assessment, and smart, energy-efficient systems, underscoring Asia’s emerging leadership in sustainable industrial innovation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wisnu Prayogo, Ridho Azahar, Harry Wibowo, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Wahyu Ratnaningsih, Muh. Ilham Anggamulia, Liana Atika, Rifka Noor Azizah, Dion Awfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INNOVATIVE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY FOR MALAYSIAN TEXTILE EXHIBITION GUIDELINES
The integration of technology into cultural institutions is increasingly vital in modern architecture. This research focuses on creating a conceptual framework for innovative display technologies tailored to Malaysia's heritage textile exhibitions. The goal is to enhance exhibition quality, engage visitors, and address challenges like modernization and cultural identity loss. Malaysia’s textile heritage, including batik and songket, plays a significant role in its cultural and tourism landscape. However, the lack of research on display technologies in cultural exhibitions has hindered the development of immersive experiences. Most studies focus on commercial or residential architecture, leaving a gap in the cultural sector. This study bridges that gap by reviewing existing literature, analysing Malaysian exhibition spaces, and exploring global best practices. Quantitative research further identifies display technologies suited to Malaysia's textile heritage by comparing overseas precedent studies from literature reviews with local case studies in Malaysia. The guidelines emphasize cultural sensitivity and community involvement, ensuring exhibitions are authentic and engaging. By integrating modern innovations, the findings offer practical solutions for architects, planners, and stakeholders to design spaces that celebrate heritage textiles and enhance visitor experiences. These technologies can preserve traditions, enrich cultural narratives, and set new standards for exhibition design in Malaysia. This research highlights the importance of balancing technology with cultural preservation, creating spaces that reflect and sustain Malaysia’s identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Noramira Azhar, Amirul Amin Ismail, Nor Syamimi Samsudin, Farid Al Hakeem Yuserrie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BUS TERMINAL ARCHITECTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHALLENGES
An effective transportation system is primarily attributable to well-designed terminal architecture. It has been established that poor terminal structure hindered commuters’ patronage, especially people with disabilities. The arrangement and quality of services provided at the terminal, which encompasses all terminal user categories, determine the degree of patronage from commuters. As considered one of the most important sustainable transportation, the development of adequate road terminals has been thriving over the last decade, especially in the densely populated cities of Nigeria. This paper explores the impact of Nigeria's road terminal on achieving a sustainable transport system. The methodology employed information gathering from literature and different bus terminals in Nigeria. The results of the empirical study confirmed that service quality can be conceptualized as functional service quality, technical service quality, comfort and cleanness, and service planning and reliability. It has positive effects on reuse intention by enhancing customer satisfaction, as customer satisfaction has an intermediary effect on passengers' repurchase intention. This study contributes to transport agencies analysing the relationship between service quality attributes and passengers’ reuse intention for improving the supplied service, increasing ridership, and implementing the sustainable transport policy.
Sustainable transportation, Terminal and Architecture
Copyright (c) 2025 Sambo Zainab Sani, Muhammad Zaly Shah, Bayero Salih Fara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR ASSESSING DEFECTS IN UITM: THE SWOT AND SURVEY RESEARCH APPROACHES
In Malaysia, the maintenance of public university buildings is crucial in ensuring functionality, safety and security towards the establishment of a conducive learning environment for students and staff. Building maintenance involves a comprehensive process that includes defect identification, severity assessment, and the subsequent recommendation of appropriate solutions. Defects pose a prevalent challenge in Malaysian public university buildings, potentially causing significant damage if not promptly identified and rectified. These issues may arise from various factors, such as poor design, construction errors, and a lack of maintenance. The current approach to developing building maintenance practices for defect assessment in Malaysian public university buildings relies on manual inspections, which are often time-consuming, expensive, and less accurate. This paper aims to discuss the differences between the existing building maintenance practices and the potential of sustainable building maintenance practices for defect assessment in Malaysian public universities through SWOT analysis and questionnaires. This paper will compare current conventional maintenance practices with sustainable maintenance practices to identify prominent defects in Malaysian public universities and investigate common building maintenance practices to address these issues. It will then suggest significant sustainable building maintenance practices to address these defects. A case study and questionnaire were conducted at a public university in Shah Alam, Selangor, focusing on a sustainable maintenance practice for assessing defects at the university. SWOT analysis was applied in order to highlight the strength, weakness, opportunitie, and threat of each maintenance practices for the best application in mitigating the issues of building defects in the university. The results also suggest that by implementing sustainable maintenance practices in the buildings will not only address current defects but also contribute to mitigating potential issues in the future.
Defects assessment, Public university, Sustainable building maintenance practices, SWOT analysis, Questionnaires
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaimah Zainal Abidin, Nur Azfahani Ahmad, Nor Rima Muhamad Arif, Wan Norizan Wan Ismail, Desy Aryanti S.T.M.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMPARISON OF MALAYSIA'S BUILDING REGULATIONS REGARDING MEANS OF ESCAPE ROUTES IN STUDENT HOSTELS
A student hostel is an accommodation provided by educational institutions, offering shared living spaces for students. It needs to comply with building standards and safety features. Fire incidents in a student hostel can negatively impact students' futures. Tragic instances, such as the fire at the Madrasah Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah in 2017 and a similar incident in Georgetown, Guyana, highlighted the importance of these safety measures. Due to this, the Twelfth Malaysia Plan mandates measures to address outdated and unsafe buildings, particularly student hostels. Buildings constructed based on outdated standards may not meet current requirements. Therefore, this research aims to identify the design criteria of means of escape and to evaluate the changes in Uniform Building By-Law provisions regarding means of escape. A qualitative approach is used for data collection via evaluating archival documents and expert validation. The building standards compared are the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 as of 2015 and Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 as of 2022. The collected data is analysed using content analysis that integrates passive and active fire protection by distinguishing the means of escape requirements prescribed in both building regulations. The analysis identified seven design criteria for safe escape routes: travel distance, door, exit, staircase, emergency lighting, communication, power system, signage, and fire-fighting requirements. This research provides valuable insights for designers and policymakers by highlighting regulatory changes such as newly added, removed, substituted, amended, and maintained prescriptive requirements. By shedding light on the motivations behind these changes, this research could impact future updates to building laws.
Fire, Means of Escape, Safety, Student Hoste, UBBL 1984
Copyright (c) 2025 Adnin Syaza Jaafar, Yuhainis Abdul Talib, Asmat Ismail, Muhammad Anas Othman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING DIFFERENT REPAIR MATERIALS
Concrete structures are susceptible to degradation due to external forces and environmental factors, leading to the formation of cracking and spalling. Moreover, the deterioration of concrete, particularly the cover that protects the reinforcing bars, can be attributed to inadequate raw material selection, poor mixture design, and an irregular construction process. These faults reduce the longevity of the structure and result in the structure becoming unserviceable during operation. To successfully address these concerns, it is imperative to promptly undertake concrete repairs to reinstate the safety and functionality of the structures, hence prolonging their operational lifespan. This study aims to ascertain the mechanical characteristics of normal concrete for repair purposes and examine the transport qualities of concrete when applying various repair materials. The inquiry methodology consisted of two distinct phases. The first phase focused on analysing the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. The second phase consisted of investigating the mechanical properties of concrete after being exposed to environmental conditions for 60 days. Three distinct categories of repair materials were chosen, including epoxy, paint, and mortar It has been found that the performance of concrete varies depending on the exposure environment, such as water penetration, carbonation, and chloride immersion, while using different repair materials.
Repair, Material, Properties, Concrete, Defect
Copyright (c) 2025 Norazura Mizal Azzmi, Nadira Ahzahar, Siti Zubaidah Hashim, Intan Bayani Zakaria, Nazhatulzakis Jamaludin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY, CREW STRESS LEVEL AND SELF EFFICACY IN WARSHIP ENVIRONMENT: A PILOT SURVEY
Warship environments present unique challenges to personnel, including concerns about indoor air quality (IAQ). There are physical symptoms and health effects associated with poor IAQ, which affect crew stress levels. Both variables were proportionately influenced by crew self-efficacy. Previous research demonstrates a lack of holistic studies of the relationship between IAQ, self-efficacy, and crew stress levels on board warships. Hence, further studies regarding the instrument’s effectiveness in measuring all variables would be worthwhile. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument to measure IAQ, crew stress level, and self-efficacy amongst warship crew by utilizing data collected from a pilot survey using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Reliability and validity of measurement variables using content validity and reliability method. The content validity assessment was carried out by three experts, including the researcher's supervisor and the Director of Malaysia Armed Forces Physiology and Counselling. Consequently, the researcher invited ten personnel with experience serving onboard KD JEBAT to participate in the face validity process. Data were collected from a sample of 52 warship personnel, and reliability analyses were conducted using Cronbach's alpha coefficient to assess the internal consistency of each dimension. Corrected item-total correlations were also examined to evaluate the relationship between individual survey items and their respective constructs. The reliability analysis revealed an internal consistency (acceptable to good levels) within variables which is IAQ, crew stress level, and self-efficacy. However, the stress-triggered dimension exhibited a lower reliability coefficient. Additionally, the corrected item-total correlations provide a significant relationship between items and corresponding constructs in support of the validity of the measurement scales. As a result, all items were accepted and valid to conduct actual survey with the value of Cronbach's alpha for dimension (a) Indoor Air Contaminant Parameter (0.747), (b) Indoor Air Physical Parameter (0.708), (c) Stress Response (0.715), (d) Stress Triggered (0.703), (e) Victorious Experience (0.780), (f) Performance Outcome (0.705). The researcher utilizes the analysis results to design the best questionnaire survey for the actual survey. Future research may enhance the understanding of this domain and contribute to the betterment of warship personnel.
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Stress Level, Self-Efficacy
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hisham Abdul Halim, Asmat Ismail, Siti Rasidah MD Sakip https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DETERMINANT FACTORS FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING OF OUTSOURCED FACILITIES MANAGEMENT DELIVERABLES IN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
It was not until 2007 that the government of Malaysia paid additional attention to improving the national assets and facilities through outsourced facilities management (OFM) and maintenance services as part of the overall public delivery system improvement. An effective knowledge management (KM) is needed to guarantee that the quality of public assets is not compromised despite the costly government services, as compared to the private sector. Poor service delivery, lack of communication and weak performance management are among the hitches reported from the OFM team, which are believed to have resulted from the absence of knowledge sharing (KS) activities within the members of the organisation. This paper aims to identify the factors that determine the KS of OFM services in government buildings. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), a set of questionnaires has been developed concerning past studies and distributed to OFM personnel through a self-administered online platform. 112 out of 200 responded data set is analysed through SPSS Version 28. The findings from Factor Analysis finalised 30 out of 33 proposed construct items, where training and development, organisation structure and explicit knowledge were eliminated due to low communality value. Thus, from the research, a conceptual framework is suggested that consists of five determinant factors as independent variables, namely self-attitude, nature of knowledge, motivation to share, organisation culture and opportunity to share, while KS towards performance improvement of OFM in government buildings is the dependent variable.
Government buildings, Knowledge sharing, Performance improvement, Outsourced facilities management, Theory of Planned Behaviour
Copyright (c) 2025 Lilis Shereena Safiee, Irwan Mohammad Ali, Nor Amin Mohd Radzuan, Mohamad Sufian Hasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MEMBRANE USE IN MICRO-BACTERICAL VOLTAIC CELL FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION FROM WASTEWATER
The sustainable, green and renewable energy are characteristics of energy source that are highly demanded nowadays. The world energy annual reported that the escalating electricity consumption will surpass energy output. For example, oil, biofuel, hydropower, nuclear and natural gas were projected depleted by 2050. Therefore, another alternative energy source from wastewater and design two columns of reactor was created, using the voltaic cell working principle that is capable to generate voltage. The voltage is one joule of energy per one coulomb unit charge passed. The wastewater contributed to the air pollution and released a bad smell to the surrounding environment. The method employed in this study was the anaerobic digestion (AD) from the fermentation process. Our aim in this study is to vary the type of membrane bridge in micro-bacterial cell, were parafilm, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-polyvinyllimdazole (PVDF-g-PVim) and agar-agar membranes, while the sample used was 100 mL of wastewater as a source for biocatalyst that was fixed with temperature of 35 oC fermentation. As a result, the value of voltage was increased from 0.50 V to 1.25 V measured using voltage meter, corresponding to parafilm membrane, agar-agar membrane and PVDF-g-PVim membrane, respectively. By optimizing the membrane bridge type, the voltage of the micro-bacterial cell was enhanced almost three times compared to a conventional membrane. Our findings suggested that the high voltage can be obtained by using a cheap and eco-friendly membrane, and yet the voltage production from micro-bacterial cell can be improved, thus providing another alternative energy source in the future.
Micro-bacterial cell, Wastewater, Membrane, Voltage, Energy
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafidah Selaman, Mohd Faizal Achoi, Mohd Ruzaleh Nurdik, Ajis Lepit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
TRANSFORMATIVE SPACE DESIGN FOR SEX WORKERS’ COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY AT LORONG HAJI TAIB 1 AND 2, CHOW KIT, KUALA LUMPUR
Sex workers and their marginalised communities are often subjected to spatial marginalisation and stigmatisation. Confined to specific locales due to the nature of their activities, involuntary participants of this community who were forced or coerced into sex work through sex trafficking syndicates are essentially trapped. Stigma and social exclusion attached to sex work can further marginalise the sex workers' community, making it difficult for them to access essential services and support. Although there are many efforts and assistance programmes designed to help this marginalised community, it is essential to comprehend the specific spatial and typology of spaces that can best meet the complex needs and aspirations of sex workers and the community. The research aims to explore the potential role of transformative spaces and the impact of spatial design integration on the psychological needs of sex workers in Lorong Haji Taib 1 and 2, Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur, with a focus on improving their well-being by promoting community empowerment and improved social cohesion. Analysis of data collected from literature review, case study, and unstructured interviews show the intricate interplay between the physical environment and the psychological well-being of sex workers. The findings unveil the nuanced complexities of creating spaces that address immediate needs while empowering and uplifting marginalised communities. Design recommendations for transformative spaces that could support and improve the lives of sex workers were modelled from the needs, behaviour, and daily routine of the sex workers’ community in Lorong Haji Taib 1 and 2.
Sex workers, Sex workers community, Psychological needs, Spatial design, Transformative space design
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Haziq Abdul Naser, Nurul Amira Abd Jalil, Mohd Syafiq Azmy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE USER SATISFACTION WITH CAMPUS SPACES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN-BASED AND NON-DESIGN BASED CLASSROOM
Space management is an effective management of space utilisation aimed at reducing the cost and wastage of spaces. The aim of this study is to improve the space management practices at College of Built Environment (CBE), UiTM, Shah Alam. The finding is hoped to benefit the Space Management Unit, Facilities Management Office who is in charge of the space management for CBE. In order to achieve the research aim, three objectives have been set out. The objectives were to investigate the current practices of space management at CBE’s Building, to identify the space requirement at CBE’s faculty and to identify the level of user satisfaction on space management at CBE’s Building. The methodology adopted was qualitative and quantitative method using literature review, semi-structured interview and questionnaire survey. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. The results revealed that the practices of space management were traditional and not centralise, the types of space required by the faculty includes classroom, computer laboratory, TEC room, workshop (timber laboratory and concrete laboratory), studio, lecture hall and external study area.
Higher Learning Institution, Space management, Space requirement, User satisfaction, Apace management practise
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasnan Hashim, Muhammad Ruzaini Ramlan, Nurhidayah Samsul Rijal, An Nisha Nur Welliana Abd Rased https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HERITAGE OF WAQF PROPERTIES IN TÜRKIYE: EXPLORING TOUR GUIDES' ROLES IN SPREADING WAQF APPRECIATION AMONG TOURISTS
This qualitative research study looks into tour guides' important role in disseminating waqf knowledge to tourists visiting Türkiye. Waqfs, which are embedded in Türkiye’s historical and cultural landscape, represent an important aspect of Islamic heritage dating back to the Ottoman Turkish Empire and include institutions such as mosques, madrasahs, and charitable foundations. Despite its historical significance, waqf property in Türkiye remains the primary attraction for tourists visiting the country. As a result, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of tour guides who lead tours to Türkiye, with a focus on the significance of waqf among tourists. Based on this qualitative research approach, an observation method was used by a Turkish tour guide who led a tour of 30 Malaysian tourist groups from February 28 to March 8, 2024. Observations were made of the tour guide's explanations and speeches when dealing with Malaysian tourists. Thematic analysis was used to find recurring patterns, themes, and narratives in the collected data. The findings revealed that the tourist guide's focus is not on waqf properties specifically. The explanation provided fails to define the role of waqf in shaping the development of Türkiye since the Ottoman Caliphate's reign. In fact, the tourist guide focuses heavily on Turkiye's history after and before the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The study's findings are expected to contribute to the existing literature on the importance of tourism waqf heritage, particularly in Türkiye and other countries around the world, in order to establish waqf as a tourism tool that must be preserved and its role introduced to those who visit countries with waqf assets. Tourism stakeholders, particularly policymakers, should incorporate waqf heritage into tourism narratives and encourage responsible tourism practices in order to respect and preserve waqf cultural heritage in Türkiye and neighbouring countries.
Waqf, Heritage, Tourists, T├╝rkiye, Tour Guides
Waqf, Heritage, Tourists, Türkiye, Tour Guides
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nadiah Mohd Ali, Huraizah Arshad, Nurul Sahida Fauzi , Nur Atika Atan, Lizawati Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SWOT ANALYSIS OF CYBERSECURITY VULNERABILITIES AND STRATEGIES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY ON EUROPEAN WIND POWER SYSTEM
As smart cities increasingly incorporate renewable energy systems to achieve sustainability objectives, ensuring strong cyber security measures is crucial. The susceptibility of these infrastructures, such as smart grids and solar panels, to diverse cyber threats poses significant risks to energy supply and data integrity. This paper examines cyber resilience in the context of the renewable energy industry, using a SWOT analysis of a European wind energy case study to assess the sector's cybersecurity posture and identify key vulnerabilities. This paper aims to identify the industry's current cyber defense mechanisms and the critical need to protect energy systems from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats that pose operational and safety risks, particularly in smart city infrastructures. The findings highlight the urgent need to bolster existing cyber defenses, develop comprehensive incident response plans, and foster a culture of collaborative information sharing among stakeholders. In the future, the paper suggests researching emergent technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning for real-time threat detection and adaptive cybersecurity in wind energy systems to strengthen adaptive cyber defensive capabilities and investigating quantum computing for its promise of superior encryption security. By addressing these research gaps, this study provides several recommendations for cyber resilience strategies that may be used to strengthen the cyber resilience of renewable energy systems, ensuring a secure and renewable energy supply for smart cities in the future.
Cyber security, Renewable energy, Smart grids, Incident response planning
Copyright (c) 2025 Nor Nashrah Azmi; Fiza Abdul Rahim, Noor Hafizah Hassan, Nur Azfahani Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
IDENTIFYING OPTIMAL WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO (WWR) AND WINDOW-TO-FLOOR RATIO (WFR) FOR TYPICAL HIGHER EDUCATIONAL CLASSROOMS TO ADDRESS DEFICIENCIES IN DAYLIGHTING DESIGN
Daylighting plays a crucial role in creating conducive learning environments in higher education classrooms, enhancing visual comfort, student performance, well-being, and overall satisfaction. However, many educational facilities suffer from poor daylighting design, leading to uneven illumination, glare, and overdependence on artificial lighting. This study addresses these issues by investigating current daylighting conditions, particularly focusing on Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) and Window-to-Floor Ratio (WFR), which significantly influence natural light distribution. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of existing glazing configurations and propose optimised WWR and WFR values using both field measurements and simulation through Building Information Modelling (BIM) software, specifically Autodesk Revit. Field data from two classrooms equipped with tinted glass were compared to daylight factor (DF) standards from MS1525 (2019) and WFR recommendations of UBBL (1984). Findings reveal that while WWR and WFR exceeded the minimum threshold of 20%, daylight penetration, and uniformity varied, with some areas suffering from insufficient light and glare. This research highlights the need for improved daylighting design, offering evidence-based recommendations to optimize natural light in educational spaces, enhancing comfort and energy efficiency.
Daylighting design, Higher Education classrooms, Simulation, Window-to-Floor Ratio, Window-to-Wall Ratio
Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Nur Hanani Wan Abdullah, Asmat Ismail, Asniza Hamimi Abdul Tharim, Farah Salwati Ibrahim, Wan Nur Syazwani Wan Mohammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND PHYSICAL SETTING IN SCHOOLS: A MINI REVIEW
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential in improving the well-being of pupils, as they spend a significant amount of time inside schools than in any other indoor environment except their home. However, many schools face issues related to insufficient ventilation, improper layout design, and opening position which contribute to elevated indoor pollutant levels and potential long-term health effects. These challenges highlight the need for a systematic literature review to critically analyze and synthesize existing studies, providing a comprehensive understanding of how these physical factors of schools impact IAQ parameters such as carbon dioxide and particulate matter. A systematic review was done by analyzing papers from the SCOPUS database. Information on indoor pollution levels and physical settings were extracted from 34 studies. The findings demonstrate the complex relationships between IAQ parameters and different physical factors such as ventilation strategy, window opening, tightness of door and window, floor height, building design, and finishes. By elucidating the complex relationship between IAQ and the physical setting of buildings, this study provides valuable insights for researchers, building designers, and policymakers aiming to enhance the indoor air environment and promote pupils’ health and well-being.
Indoor air quality, Physical setting, School, Indoor pollutant, Building design
Copyright (c) 2025 Intan Bayani Zakaria, Nazhatulzakis Jamaludin, Norazura Mizal Azzmi, Nadira Ahzahar, Siti Zubaidah Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF MULTIMODAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCING CYBER RESILIENCE IN SMART CITIES
In recent years, the advancement of smart city technologies has necessitated a rethinking of urban resilience strategies, especially in the face of escalating cyber threats. Enhancing cyber resilience in smart cities is crucial due to their reliance on interconnected digital infrastructures that manage essential services such as transportation, energy, healthcare, and public safety. Cyber attacks on these systems can disrupt services, compromise data, and undermine public trust. This systematic review examines 27 selected articles on the application of multimodal analytical techniques to enhance the cyber resilience of smart cities. By evaluating these studies based on their analytical frameworks, techniques used, and research contexts, the researcher identifies the benefits and challenges of integrating multimodal data such as text, audio, video, and sensor data into urban cyber resilience strategies. The findings reveal that various multimodal strategies, including machine learning, data fusion, and real-time monitoring, significantly contribute to the robustness of smart urban infrastructures against cyber attacks. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the application of multimodal analytics in safeguarding smart city infrastructures, highlighting best practices, technological advancements, and future research directions.
Cyber security, Multimodal analysis, Urban resilience, Machine learning, Systematic review
Copyright (c) 2025 Zul-Azri Ibrahim, Saiful Adli Ismail, Fiza Abdul Rahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A REVIEW: HARNESSING THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS ON INDOOR TEMPERATURE
Implementing environmentally friendly construction materials has emerged as a potential strategy to regulate indoor temperature sustainably. This is in response to the growing concerns on the comfort of interior spaces and the effects of climate change. Sustainable building methods and green building materials capacity to regulate interior temperature are becoming more widely recognized, but their effectiveness and practicality are still unclear. Many studies have explored the thermal characteristics of individual green building materials, but there is a lack of research on how these materials collectively affect indoor temperature control. This article clarifies the beneficial effects of green building materials on indoor temperature regulation by conducting a systematic literature review. This study aims to thoroughly understand how green building materials influence the dynamics of interior temperature by methodically discover, analyse, and synthesize pertinent research data. The methods for harnessing the positive impact of green building materials on indoor temperatures, such as the selection of high-quality green materials, high-performance insulating materials, high thermal mass materials and strategic placement are studied through the literature review. The results of this research do not only enhance comprehension on the influence of green building materials will have on the development of sustainable building design and construction methods in the future, but also provide practical insights for architects, policymakers, and researchers interest in sustaining building design. This study underscores the significance of promoting research and lobbying for legislative support to speed up the use of green building materials and drive the shift towards a more sustainable built environment.
Indoor temperature, Sustainable, Thermal performance, Green material, Insulation
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurhidayah Samsul Rijal, Zaimah Zainal Abidin, Muhammad Ruzaini Ramlan, An Nisha Nur Welliana Abd Rased https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SEEDS OF DISCORD: THE OMINOUS FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR UNDER F2F EU DIRECTIVE AND THE NATURE RESTORATION LAW
In January 2024, a substantial gathering of tractors from diverse European regions converged upon Brussels, staging fervent demonstrations outside the premises of the European Commission and the European Parliament. These protests, persisting to date, are spearheaded by agricultural workers predominantly from medium and small enterprises, urging the European institutions to reconsider the regulations outlined in the Farm to Fork (F2F) directive and the Nature Restoration Law. These regulations are integral components of the European Green Deal, designed to aid the European Union in accomplishing its main objectives: maintaining Earth’s temperature within a 1.5°C threshold, achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, curtailing pesticide usage by 50% by 2030, restoring ecosystems, promoting sustainable food production, and fostering innovation in the industry. Despite these ambitious goals, farmers contend that these rules are unsustainable, as they fail to consider the unique characteristics of various territories and production entities, thereby imposing bureaucratic constraints. Some stakeholders suggest that the regulations might not genuinely prioritize environmental protection; rather, they could be perceived as potentially favouring large multinational corporations. Notably, individual European governments disclaim any responsibility in this domain, as the entire purview falls under the jurisdiction of the Commission and the European Parliament. This research employs a qualitative approach, involving a comprehensive policy analysis of the F2F EU Directive and the Nature Restoration Law, a critical evaluation of political discourse from EU official documents, media scrutiny of contemporary European newspaper articles, and video interviews with protesting farmers. Through this multi-faceted analysis, the study endeavours to asce rtain whether these regulations genuinely align with the EU’s environmental protection objectives or if they are rooted in ideological political choices that could jeopardize the livelihoods of European farmers. The findings underscore that the decisions of European institutions not only threaten the existence of medium and small-scale farmers but also compromise the production of natural and authentic goods traditionally linked to these agricultural practices. Consequently, the European agricultural sector faces the looming threat of extinction within a few years, potentially replaced by industries specializing in synthetic foods manufactured in laboratories.
EU Commission, EU Parliament, EU farmers, Farm to Fork, Nature Restoration Law
Copyright (c) 2025 Piermauro Catarinella, Suhardi Kram, Alfonso Min https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ENHANCING EFFICIENCY AND USER ENGAGEMENT IN RECYCLING COLLECTION POINTS: A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN AND LAYOUT IN IPOH
Ipoh's recycling collection points face inefficiencies due to poor accessibility, unclear signage, and low user participation, limiting their effectiveness in waste management. Despite growing environmental awareness, existing studies often overlook the integration of user-friendly design, technology, and community engagement in optimising collection points. Addressing this gap, this study aims to enhance recycling infrastructure by identifying key design elements that influence user engagement and efficiency. A qualitative approach was adopted, involving literature reviews, case studies, and direct observations of selected collection points. The findings reveal that accessibility, technological integration, spatial organisation, and user incentives significantly impact participation. Smart bins, interactive displays, and clear signage improve usability, while community involvement fosters long-term engagement. Future research should explore the real-world implementation of smart technologies and conduct large-scale behavioural studies to validate proposed solutions. By refining design strategies and integrating digital solutions, Ipoh can establish a more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable recycling system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Faiz Faridon, Salahudin Abdul Hakeem Abas, Mohd Nasurudin Hasbullah, Nor Syamimi Samsudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GREEN TRANSPORTATION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: A CONCEPTUAL INSIGHT ON KEY INFLUENCING FACTORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The green transportation is pivotal in addressing climate change and urban sustainability. In this paper, the components crucial for the successful implementation of green transport systems, including electric cars, hydrogen technology, and smart mobility, were examined. This study employed a systematic literature review in accordance with the PRISMA framework. This paper analyzed 29 peer-reviewed studies to derive the first finding on the critical factors that shape sustainable mobility in terms of technological readiness, supportive policies, social behavior, and economic feasibility. It also analyzes the environmental benefits of carbon emissions reductions, a decrease in air pollution, and energy intensity. While there are optimistic signs, challenges remain, including high costs, lack of infrastructure in certain areas, and weak public involvement. This paper emphasizes the importance of cohesive frameworks that connect innovation, governance, and public engagement to facilitate a faster shift toward sustainable and resilient urban transport systems. Future exploration in green transportation may examine how the pieces of each weather and encompassing socio-acoustic manufacturing attitudes affect people’s travel mode selection, and long run benefits persisted by people whenever they flow into to the green exercises of walking and riding in unique maturity organizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazatul Syahira Hussein, Madiha Badrol Kamar, Fairuz Ramli, Nurul Fahana Aini Harun, Ruqaiyah Ab Rahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DESIGNING FOR TRANSPARENCY: INTEGRATING WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES INTO MALAYSIAN COMMUNITIES
Waste management facilities are often designed for functionality, isolated from the public, limiting community engagement, and fostering negative perceptions. Transparency in architecture, through glass facades, open layouts, and visible structures, enhances accessibility, visual openness, and connection between spaces and users. This study explores how architectural transparency can bridge this gap, making waste management facilities more visible, accessible, and integrated into the communities they serve. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research examines two facilities: the Kamikatsu Zero Waste Centre in Japan and the Batu Maung Waste Transfer Station in Malaysia. Data gathered from site visits and document analysis reveal that transparent design helps clarify waste processes, build public trust, and encourage greater community involvement in sustainable practices. Transparency in waste facilities is achieved through visual openness, public engagement, material honesty, environmental integration, and perceptual awareness. These strategies collectively enhance public trust, engagement, and sustainability. Future research should explore a broader range of facilities globally, assess the long-term effects of transparency strategies on public engagement, and investigate the impact of transparency beyond aesthetics, particularly in promoting sustainable behaviours.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ainin Rashida Mohd Sayid Nasir, Amirul Amin Ismail, Azhan Abdul Aziz, Jamaludin Muhamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0