THE IMPACT OF VACCINATION STATUS ON COVID-19 CASES: A CASE STUDY IN PAHANG
Keywords:
COVID-19, Vaccination Status, Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis, Unvaccinated casesAbstract
COVID-19 refers to the infectious disease known as coronavirus disease, distinguished by its transmission within the environment and attributed to the viral variant SARS-CoV-2. The aforementioned illness has resulted in significant levels of morbidity and mortality. Despite the implementation of diverse regional and national non-pharmaceutical interventions, including travel restrictions, social distancing measures, stay-at-home orders, and lockdowns, numerous countries are still grappling with the escalated situation of COVID-19 cases. The vulnerability of the global population to COVID-19 is widespread, emphasising the imperative of developing and deploying a potent vaccine. Several countries have highlighted the significance of vaccinations and their association with the daily incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the association between the documented count of individuals who have not received vaccinations and the daily incidence of COVID-19 cases in Pahang, Malaysia. Based on the Spearman rank correlation analysis, its revealed that the use of vaccinations plays a pivotal role in mitigating the likelihood of contracting COVID-19 within the region of Pahang. The increase in reported cases of individuals in the state of Pahang who have not been vaccinated correlates with an increase in the daily incidence of COVID-19 cases. The results obtained from this study offer valuable insights into the epidemiological patterns of COVID-19 in the Pahang region. Also, these emphasis the significance of COVID-19 vaccination in mitigating the incidence of outbreaks and fatalities.
References
Ahmadi, M., Sharifi, A., Dorosti, S., Ghoushchi, S. J., & Ghanbari, N. (2020). Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 138705.
Barker, A (2020, March 19). Coronavirus COVID-19 cases spiked across Asia after a mass gathering in Malaysia. This is how it caught the countries by surprise. ABC News, from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-19/coronavirus-spread-from-malaysian-event-to-multiplecountries/ 12066092.
Berenguer, J., Ryan, P., Rodriguez-Bano, J., Jarrín, I., Carratala, J., Pachón, J., Yllescas, M., Arriba, J.R., Muñoz, E.A., Divasson, P.G. & Muñiz, P.G. (2020). Characteristics and predictors of death among 4035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(11), 1525-1536.
Bernal, J. L., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Robertson, C., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., & Ramsay, M. (2021). Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: Test negative case-control study. BMJ, 373. 1-11.
Bernama (2020a, February 9). First case of Malaysian positive for coronavirus. Available from: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news_covid-19.php?id=1811373.4
Bernama. (2020b, February 5). Chinese girl recovers from coronavirus, discharged from hospital. Available from: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1811559.
Bland, M. (2015). An introduction to medical statistics. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom: pp. 213-222.
Calderón-Larrañaga, A., Dekhtyar, S., Vetrano, D. L., Bellander, T., & Fratiglioni, L. (2020). COVID-19: Risk accumulation among biologically and socially vulnerable older populations. Ageing Research Reviews, 63, 101149.
Campbell, M. J., Machin, D., & Walters, S. J. (2010). Medical Statistics: A Textbook for The Health Sciences. John Wiley & Son England: pp. 1-12
Castro, M. C., Kim, S., Barberia, L., Ribeiro, A. F., Gurzenda, S., Ribeiro, K. B., & Singer, B. H. (2021). Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil. Science, 372(6544), 821-826.
CDC COVID-19 Response Team, CDC COVID-19 Response Team, CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Burrer, S. L., de Perio, M. A., Hughes, M. M., & Walters, M. (2020). Characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19—United States, February 12–April 9, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(15), 477-481.
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y. & Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.
Elengoe, A. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 11(3), 93-100.
Fatima, S., Zafar, A., Afzal, H., Ejaz, T., Shamim, S., Saleemi, S., & Subhan Butt, A. (2022). COVID-19 infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated: Does it make any difference?. PloS one, 17(7), e0270485.
Ferdinandh, B.C. (2020, March 23). 19 Filipino tablighs positive for COVID-19 quarantined in Malaysia. Minda News. Available from:https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2020/03/19-filipino-tablighspositive-for-covid-19-quarantined-in-malaysia/.
Guo, C., Yang, J., Guo, Y., Ou, Q. Q., Shen, S. Q., Ou, C. Q., & Liu, Q. Y. (2016). Short-term effects of meteorological factors on pediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guangdong, China: A multi-city time-series analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 1-9.
Hsiang, S., Allen, D., Annan-Phan, S., Bell, K., Bolliger, I., Chong, T., Druckenmiller, H., Huang, L.Y., Hultgren, A., Krasovich, E. & Lau, P. (2020). The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature, 584(7820), 262-267.
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X. & Cheng, Z. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
Huang, C., Yang, L., Pan, J., Xu, X., & Peng, R. (2022). Correlation between vaccine coverage and the COVID‐19 pandemic throughout the world: Based on real‐world data. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(5), 2181-2187.
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Research, 288, 198114.
Kim, B. I., Ki, H., Park, S., Cho, E., & Chun, B. C. (2016). Effect of climatic factors on hand, foot, and mouth disease in South Korea, 2010-2013. PloS one, 11(6), e0157500.
Lancet, T. (2020). India under COVID-19 lockdown. Lancet (London, England), 395(10233), 1315.
Le, C. (2020, March 18). Another Malaysia returnee tests Covid-19 positive. VnExpress. Available from: https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/another-malaysia-returnee-tests-covid-19-positive-4070591.html.
Le, T. T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Román, R. G., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., & Mayhew, S. (2020). The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 19(5), 305-306.
Liang, L. L., Kuo, H. S., Ho, H. J., & Wu, C. Y. (2021). COVID-19 vaccinations are associated with reduced fatality rates: Evidence from cross-county quasi-experiments. Journal of Global Health, 11. 1-9.
Liebetrau, A. M. (1983). Measures of Association: Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Sage Publication, United States of Amerika: pp 56-62.
Lin, C., Lau, A. K., Fung, J. C., Guo, C., Chan, J. W., Yeung, D. W., & Lao, X. Q. (2020). A mechanism-based parameterisation scheme to investigate the association between transmission rate of COVID-19 and meteorological factors on plains in China. Science of The Total Environment, 737, 140348.
Lindsey, J. K. (2000). Applying generalized linear models. Springer Science & Business Media, New York: pp. 109-119
Ma, S. L., Tang, Q. L., Liu, H. W., He, J., & Gao, S. H. (2013). Correlation analysis for the attack of bacillary dysentery and meteorological factors based on the Chinese medicine theory of Yunqi and the medical-meteorological forecast model. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 19, 182-186.
Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Roser, M., Hasell, J., Appel, C., Giattino, C. & Rodés-Guirao, L. (2021). A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(7), 947-953.
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2020). Covid-19 (Maklumat Terkini). Available from:http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/2019-ncov-wuhan .
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72.
Moghadas, S.M., Vilches, T.N., Zhang, K., Wells, C.R., Shoukat, A., Singer, B.H., Meyers, L.A., Neuzil, K.M., Langley, J.M., Fitzpatrick, M.C. & Galvani, A.P. (2021). The impact of vaccination on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(12), 2257-2264.
New Straits Times. (2020a, January 25). [Breaking] 3 coronavirus cases confirmed in Johor Baru”. Available from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-cases confirmed-johor-baru.
New Straits Times. (2020b, March 16). Covid-19: Movement Control Order imposed with only essential sectors operating. Available from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575177/covid-19-movement-control-order-imposed-only-essential-sectors-operating.
Pinto Neto, O., Kennedy, D.M., Reis, J.C., Wang, Y., Brizzi, A.C.B., Zambrano, G.J., de Souza, J.M., Pedroso, W., de Mello Pedreiro, R.C., de Matos Brizzi, B. & Abinader, E.O. (2021). Mathematical model of COVID-19 intervention scenarios for São Paulo—Brazil. Nature Communications, 12(1), 418.
Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021). A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nature Reviews Immunology, 21(2), 83-100.
Rahman, M. S., Azad, M. A. K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Salam, R., Islam, A. R. M. T., Rahman, M. M., & Hoque, M. M. M. (2021). How air quality and COVID-19 transmission change under different lockdown scenarios? A case from Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Science of The Total Environment, 762, 143161.
Ranzani, O. T., Bastos, L. S., Gelli, J. G. M., Marchesi, J. F., Baião, F., Hamacher, S., & Bozza, F. A. (2021). Characterisation of the first 250 000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: A retrospective analysis of nationwide data. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(4), 407-418.
Şahin, M. (2020). Impact of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138810.
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768.
Segovia-Juarez, J., Castagnetto, J. M., & Gonzales, G. F. (2020). High altitude reduces infection rate of COVID-19 but not case-fatality rate. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 281, 103494.
Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3/4), 591-611.
Sukumaran, T. (2020, March 19). How the coronavirus spread at Malaysia’s Tablighi Islamic gathering. South China Morning Post. Available from:https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/healthenvironment/article/307 6219/coronavirus-i-attended-tabligh-mass-islamic-prayer.
Sun, Z., Zhang, H., Yang, Y., Wan, H., & Wang, Y. (2020). Impacts of geographic factors and population density on the COVID-19 spreading under the lockdown policies of China. Science of The Total Environment, 746, 141347.
Thode, H. C. (2002). Testing for normality (Vol. 164). CRC press, New York: pp 6-14.
Vasileiou, E., Simpson, C.R., Robertson, C., Shi, T., Kerr, S., Agrawal, U., Akbari, A., Bedston, S., Beggs, J., Bradley, D. & Chuter, A. (2021). Effectiveness of first dose of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admissions in Scotland: National prospective cohort study of 5.4 million people.
Verity, R., Okell, L.C., Dorigatti, I., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Imai, N., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Thompson, H., Walker, P.G., Fu, H. & Dighe, A., 2020. (2020). Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A model-based analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(6), 669-677.
Victora, C. G., Castro, M. C., Gurzenda, S., Medeiros, A. C., França, G. V., & Barros, A. J. (2021). Estimating the early impact of vaccination against COVID-19 on deaths among elderly people in Brazil: Analyses of routinely collected data on vaccine coverage and mortality. EClinicalMedicine, 38, 1-6.
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
Wu, X., Yin, J., Li, C., Xiang, H., Lv, M., & Guo, Z. (2021). Natural and human environment interactively drive spread pattern of COVID-19: A city-level modeling study in China. Science of the Total Environment, 756, 143343.
Yasmin, N. (2020, March 20). Thirteen Indonesians Contract Covid-19 at Malaysia’s Tabligh Islamic Gathering. Jakarta Globe. Available from: https://jakartaglobe.id/news/thirteen-indonesians-contract-covid19-at malaysias- tabligh islamic-gathering.
Zimmermann, I.R., Sanchez, M.N., Frio, G.S., Alves, L.C., Pereira, C.C.D.A., Lima, R.T.D.S., Machado, C., Santos, L.M.P. & Silva, E.N.D. (2021). Trends in COVID-19 case-fatality rates in Brazilian public hospitals: A longitudinal cohort of 398,063 hospital admissions from 1st March to 3rd October 2020. PLoS One, 16(7), e0254633.
Xu, H., Yan, C., Fu, Q., Xiao, K., Yu, Y., Han, D., Wang, W. & Cheng, J. (2020). Possible environmental effects on the spread of COVID-19 in China. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 139211.
Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. D., Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. Q., Lu, G. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2), E15-E25.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Academia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
