Advances In Antarctic Research for Anticancer Discovery: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Marine Animals From Antarctic Environments as Potential Sources Of Anticancer Compounds

Abstract

In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases in the world, causing around 10 million fatalities and nearly one in every six deaths. The government's annual budget is gradually increasing to provide programs to prevent, identify, and treat cancer. In 2040, it is anticipated that there will be up to 29.5 million new cases of cancer. The usage of anticancer pharmaceuticals, sometimes referred to as chemotherapy drugs or antineoplastic treatments, has drastically expanded during the past 20 years following the increase in cancer incidence. Anticancer medications are designed to stop the DNA production and the growth ofcancerous cells. They may have various impacts on some species, including cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity. Microorganisms such asvarious types of marine animals are essential and must dominate most Antarctic ecosystems. They have distinctive metabolic properties that can be adapted to the prospective use of biotechnology in a variety of disciplines, particularly in the production of anticancer therapy. This study aims to review the potential anticancer sources from Antarctic marine animals and their mechanism of action interaction with cancer.