Review of Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Early Detection and Current Knowledge of Potential Biomarkers

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth globally in cancer diagnoses and fourth in cancer-related deaths, which are made worse by late-stage diagnosis. This review discusses the importance of developing better early detection techniques for GC. The review examines the global burden of GC, influenced by lifestyle and microbial factors, as well as genetic changes and abnormalities in molecular pathways that play a major role in GC development and progression. It also explores diagnostic tools, histological classifications, and current biomarkers for GC detection, including HER2, PD-L1, CEA, and CA19-9, as well as novel biomarkers like TRIM3 and GKN1 that show promise for early detection.