Synthesis and Characterization of Chicken Manure Catalyst for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

Abstract

Due to industrialization and a constantly growing population, fossil fuel usage is expanding globally. It is well known that fossil fuels are a significant source of greenhouse gases and other airborne contaminants like NO₂, SO₂, CO, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds that contribute to ozone depletion, acid rain, and global warming. Biodiesel (FAME) is one of the renewable energy sources that could be used in place of conventional fossil fuels. Cost is the main obstacle to commercial FAME production because it is more expensive than fossil fuels.