Advancements and Challenges in Microbial Fuel Cells for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Energy Generation

Abstract

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) represent a promising bioelectrochemical technology that harnesses electroactive bacteria to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater while generating electricity. This dual functionality addresses global challenges of energy scarcity and water pollution. Despite their potential, MFCs face limitations such as low power output, high material costs, and operational instability due to factors like biofouling and variable wastewater composition. This critical review evaluates the current state of MFC technology, its efficiency in energy production, and its feasibility for large-scale wastewater treatment.