Social entrepreneurship and sustainable enterprise development among Malaysian SMEs

Authors

  • Fauzee Tahir Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v14i2.12102

Keywords:

Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Enterprise Development, Social Mission, Small Medium Enterprise, Social Innovation

Abstract

Sustainable enterprise development is a way forward for business owners to enhance their business performance. In today’s challenging business environment, they are required to address the situation and remain agile in the face of its consequences. The practices of social entrepreneurship include social mission, social innovation, social networks, and financial returns, which are expected to engage businesses in place-making and negotiation with internal stakeholders to sustain their operations. Government policy initiatives, such as Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), support business owners, particularly those in the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector, in sustaining enterprise development across environmental, economic, and social aspects. Hence, this study aims to investigate the relationship between social entrepreneurship and sustainable enterprise development. A total of 180 business owners in the Klang Valley and Selangor were selected as respondents, using a convenience sampling technique. Following the face-to-face distribution of questionnaires, the data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Model in SmartPLS. The results revealed that social innovation and financial return were positively related to sustainable enterprise development. The findings imply that business owners should proactively engage with government policies to leverage them for the benefit of their enterprises. By staying informed about relevant regulations and programs, they can identify opportunities for support, funding, or favorable conditions that can enhance their business operations.

References

Ali, S., Azam, F., Naveed, H. M., & Abid, W. (2020). Impact of Prestigious Indicators on Sustainable Growth of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 7(2), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.501.2020.72.251.257

Alraja, M. N., Imran, R., Khashab, B. M., & Shah, M. (2022). Technological Innovation, Sustainable Green Practices, and SMEs' Sustainable Performance in Times of Crisis (COVID-19 pandemic). Information Systems Frontiers, 24(4), 1081–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10250-z

Ambec, S., & Lanoie, P. (2008). Does it pay to be green? A Systematic Overview. Academy of Management Perspectives, 22(4), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2008.35590353

Baker, S., & Mehmood, A. (2015). Social Innovation and the Governance of Sustainable Places. Local Environment, 20(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.842964

Bansal, P. (2019). Sustainable Development in an Age of Disruption. Academy of Management Discoveries, 5(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2019.0001

Barraket, J., Eversole, R., Luke, B., & Barth, S. (2019). Resourcefulness of Locally-Oriented Social Enterprises: Implications for Rural Community Development. Journal of Rural Studies, 70, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.031

Beckmann, M., & Zeyen, A. (2014). Franchising as a Strategy for Combining Small and Large Group Advantages (Logics) in Social Entrepreneurship: A Hayekian Perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(3), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012470758

Bellostas, A. J., López-Arceiz, F. J., & Mateos, L. (2016). Social Value and Economic Value in Social Enterprises: Value Creation Model of Spanish Sheltered Workshops. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(1), 367–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9554-6

Bhutto, S. M. S. Z. A. (2024). Sustainability in Business Management: Strategies for Long-Term Success. Journal for Business Research Review, 2(1), 39–50. https://journalbrr.com/index.php/Journal/article/view/22/22

Brychko, M., Bilan, Y., Lyeonov, S., & Streimikiene, D. (2023). Do Changes in the Business Environment and Sustainable Development Matter for Enhancing Enterprise Development?. Sustainable Development, 31(2), 587–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2410

Caldeira, M. M., & Ward, J. M. (2003). Using Resource-Based Theory to Interpret the Successful Adoption and Use of Information Systems and Technology in Manufacturing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000454

Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: Why We Do Not Need a New Theory and How We Move Forward from Here. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.24.3.37

Darby, L., & Jenkins, H. (2006). Applying Sustainability Indicators to the Social Enterprise Business Model: The Development and Application of an Indicator Set for Newport Wastesavers, Wales. International Journal of Social Economics, 33(5-6), 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290610660689

Dees, J. G. (1998). The Meaning of “Social Entrepreneurship”. Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership. https://www.caseatduke.org/documents/dees_sedef.pdf

Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2006). Defining social enterprise. In M. Nyssens (Ed.), Social Enterprise: At The Crossroads of Market, Public Policies and Civil Society (pp. 3–26). Routledge.

Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2024, July 26). Micro, small & medium enterprises (MSMEs) performance 2023. https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/micro-small--medium-enterprises-msmes-performance-2023

Diaz Gonzalez, A., & Dentchev, N. A. (2021). Ecosystems in Support of Social Entrepreneurship: A Literature Review. Social Enterprise Journal, 17(3), 329–360. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-08-2020-0064

Doherty, B., Haugh, H., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social Enterprises as Hybrid Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12028

Doran, J., & G. Ryan. (2016). The Importance of the Diverse Drivers and Types of Environmental Innovation for Firm Performance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 25, 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1860

Dushkova, D., & Ivlieva, O. (2024). Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of The Community Empowerment Programs Towards Sustainability and Resilience. Sustainability, 16(19), 8700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198700

Elkington, J., & Rowlands, I. H. (1999). Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st-Century Business. Alternatives Journal, 25(4), 42.

Fadeeva, Z. (2005). Promise of Sustainability Collaboration—Potential Fulfilled?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(03)00125-2

Fichter, K., Lüdeke-Freund, F., Schaltegger, S., & Schillebeeckx, S. J. D. (2023). Sustainability impact assessment of new ventures: An emerging field of research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 384, 135452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135452

Geradts, T. H., & Alt, E. (2022). Social Entrepreneurship Action in Established Organizations: Developing The Concept of Social Intrapreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 151, 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.047

Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33*(3), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664

Greve, A., & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social Networks and Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00029

Guclu, A., Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2002). The Process of Social Entrepreneurship: Creating Opportunities Worthy of Serious Pursuit. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University. https://case.fuqua.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Article_Dees_TheProcessOfSocialEntrepreneurshipCreatingOppWorthyOfSeriousPursuit_2002.pdf

Hair, Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: part I–method. European Business Review, 28(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2026). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (4th ed.). Sage.

Haugh, H. M., & Talwar, A. (2010). How do corporations embed sustainability across the organization?. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9(3), 384-396. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.9.3.zqr384

Hassim, N. S. B., Razali, M. N., Lee, W. C., Bennie, N., Hanapi, R., & Yong, S. W. (2026). An analysis of awareness, understanding, and usage of disruptive technologies in the construction economy. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 14(1), 9141-9141. https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v14i1.9141

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. In New Challenges to International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Ibrahim, F., Zainal, S. N., Sulaiman, W. S. W., Zakaria, E., Kamaluddin, M. R., & Sahid, S. (2024). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Skills Among Former Prisoners to Support the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(2), e02482. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730X.SDGsReview.v5.n02.pe02482

International Institute for Sustainable Development. (2021). Roadmap to a resilient future: IISD annual report 2020–2021. https://www.iisd.org/publications/annual-report/iisd-annual-report-2020-2021

Iqbal, M. S., Abdul Rahim, Z., Alshammari, A. M. K., & Iftikhar, H. (2024). Innovative Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 5(4), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/26437015.2024.2367440

Islam, A., & Wahab, S. A. (2021). The Intervention of Strategic Innovation Practices in Between Regulations and Sustainable Business Growth: A Holistic Perspective for Malaysian SMEs. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(3), 396–421. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-04-2020-0035

Javed, A., Yasir, M., & Majid, A. (2019). Is Social Entrepreneurship a Panacea for Sustainable Enterprise Development?. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 13(1), 1–29. http://www.jespk.net/publications/4326.pdf

Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Suman, R., & Gonzalez, E. S. (2022). Understanding the Adoption of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Improving Environmental Sustainability. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.01.008

Jiatong, W., Murad, M., Bajun, F., Tufail, M. S., Mirza, F., & Rafiq, M. (2021). Impact of Entrepreneurial Education, Mindset, and Creativity on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 724440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724440

Johnson, S. (2000). Literature review on social entrepreneurship. Canadian Centre for Social Entrepreneurship.

Johnson, S. (2001a). Social Entrepreneurship Literature Review. New Academy Review.

Johnson, S. (2001b). Emerging Models of Social Entrepreneurship: Possible Pathways for Social Change. [Working Paper]. University of Alberta.

Kajanus, M. (2000). A Model for Creating Innovative Strategies for an Enterprise and Its Application to A Rural Enterprise. Management Decision, 38(10), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740010379759

Kamaludin M. F., Xavier J. A., & Amin M. (2024). Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2021.1900339

Khan, I.S., Ahmad, M.O. & Majava, J. (2023) Industry 4.0 Innovations and Their Implications: An Evaluation from A Sustainable Development Perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 405, 137006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137006

Kozaily, D., & Azoury, N. (2023). A Resource-Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: How the Human Capital Influences the Job Creation in the Lebanese Market. International Journal of Work Innovation, 4(1), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWI.2023.130441

Landrum, N. E., & Edwards, S. (2009). Sustainable Business: An Executive’s Primer. Business Expert Press.

Majid, S., Zhang, X., Khaskheli, M. B., Talpur, M. A. H., & Magsi, H. (2023). Eco-Efficiency, Environmental and Sustainable Innovation in Recycling Energy and Their Effect on Business Performance: Evidence from European SMEs. Sustainability, 15(12), 9465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129465

Méndez‐León, E., Reyes‐Carrillo, T., & Díaz‐Pichardo, R. (2022). Towards a Holistic Framework for Sustainable Value Analysis in Business Models: A Tool for Sustainable Development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2871

Mollick, E. (2014). The Dynamics of Crowdfunding: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005

Mthembu, A., & Barnard, B. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship: Objectives, Innovation, Implementation, and Impact on Entrepreneurship. Expert Journal of Business and Management, 7(1), 147–177. https://hdl.handle.net/11159/3843

Naderi, A., Nasrolahi Vosta, L., Ebrahimi, A., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2019). The contributions of social entrepreneurship and transformational leadership to performance: Insights from rural tourism in Iran. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(9-10), 719–737. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2019-0124

Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The Influence of Personality Traits and Demographic Factors on Social Entrepreneurship Start-Up Intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259–282. htt https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0358-8

Parrish, B. D. (2010). Sustainability-Driven Entrepreneurship: Principles of Organization Design. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.05.005

Pol, E., & Ville, S. (2009). Social Innovation: Buzzword or Enduring Term?. The Journal of socio-economics, 38(6), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.02.011

Quansah, E., Solansky, S., Wang, Y., & Moghaddam, K. (2024). Continuous Learning in SMEs: The Mediating Role of Resilient, Dynamic Capabilities Across The Firm Life Cycle. The Learning Organization, 32(4), 672-694. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-10-2023-0179

Rivard, S., Raymond, L., & Verreault, D. (2006). Resource-Based View and Competitive Strategy: An Integrated Model of the Contribution of Information Technology to Firm Performance. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2005.06.003

Roberts, S., & Tribe, J. (2008). Sustainability Indicators for Small Tourism Enterprises – An Exploratory Perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802159644

Roy, K., & Karna, A. (2015). Doing Social Good Sustainably: The Competitive Advantage of Social Businesses. Management Decision, 53(6), 1355–1374. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2014-0561

Sá, C. M., & Kretz, A. J. (2015). The entrepreneurship movement. In The Entrepreneurship Movement and the University (pp. 1–19). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137401014_

Schaltegger, S., & Burritt, R. (2018). Business Cases and Corporate Engagement with Sustainability: Differentiating Ethical Motivations. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(2), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2938-0

Shehzad, A., & Khan, K. I. (2025). Impediments to the Adoption of the Social Responsibility Investment System: A Post-Pandemic Qualitative Analysis. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 17(2), 392–414. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-04-2023-0089

Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2011). The New Field of Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Studying Entrepreneurial Action Linking “What is to be Sustained” with “What is to be Developed”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00426.x

Suriyankietkaew, S., Krittayaruangroj, K., & Iamsawan, N. (2022). Sustainable Leadership Practices and Competencies of SMEs for Sustainability and Resilience: A Community-based Social Enterprise Study. Sustainability, 14(10), 5762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105762

Suryandharu, T., Sanusi, A., & Harsono, H. (2019). The Influence of the Motivation, Leadership and Social Networking for the Formation of Social Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Advances in Social and Economics, 1(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.33122/ijase.v1i1.32

Turker, D., & Ozmen, Y. S. (2021). How Do Social Entrepreneurs Develop Technological Innovation?. Social Enterprise Journal, 17(1), 63–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-05-2020-0034

Urban, B., & Mapula-e Lehasa, O. (2024). Investing in a Social Venture to Generate Social Impact or Financial Return. Business Perspectives and Research, 12(4), 633-646. https://doi.org/10.1177/22785337221132614

Vedula, S., Doblinger, C., Pacheco, D., York, J. G., Bacq, S., Russo, M. V., & Dean, T. J. (2022). Entrepreneurship for the Public Good: A Review, Critique, and Path Forward for Social and Environmental Entrepreneurship Research. Academy of Management Annals, 16(1), 391–425. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2019.0143

Weber, C., & Kratzer, J. (2013). Social Entrepreneurship, Social Networks, and Social Value Creation: A Quantitative Analysis among Social Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 5(3), 217–239. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2013.055291

Weerawardena, J., Salunke, S., Haigh, N., & Mort, G. S. (2021). Business Model Innovation in Social Purpose Organizations: Conceptualizing Dual Social-Economic Value Creation. Journal of Business Research, 125, 762–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.016

Yoo, Y., & Alavi, M. (2001). Media and Group Cohesion: Relative Influences on Social Presence, Task Participation, and Group Consensus. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250922

Zainudin, A. (2013). SEM Made Simple: A Gentle Approach to Learning Structural Equation Modeling. MPWS Rich Publication.

Zhang, F., & Zhu, L. (2021). Social Media Strategic Capability, Organizational Unlearning, and Disruptive Innovation of SMEs: The Moderating Roles of TMT Heterogeneity and Environmental Dynamism. Journal of Business Research, 133, 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.071

Downloads

Published

2026-09-25

How to Cite

Social entrepreneurship and sustainable enterprise development among Malaysian SMEs. (2026). Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v14i2.12102