Evaluation of poly aluminium chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) in coagulation-flocculation processes for sewage wastewater treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v7i2.915Keywords:
Water Treatment, Coagulation, Flocculation, Polyaluminium Chloride, PolyacrylamideAbstract
The increasing population and industrial activities in Malaysia are putting strain on the country’s sewage wastewater treatment, leading to environmental pollution and public health risks. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. has been commissioned assigned with sewage treatment plant (STP) operation which uses biological process of Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR). Meanwhile, research on chemical process for the sewage treatment using poly aluminium chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) that acted as coagulant and flocculant respectively, in Jar Test method was carried out. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the possible improvement of chemical process on suspended solids removal beyond the capabilities of the existing SBR system. These two chemicals were varied in dosage amount, and used to ensure the suspended solids are bound together to form a bigger floc and settle out. Turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and pH value were analysed to meet the standard B limit set by the Department of Environment (DOE). Results showed that the most effective impact of coagulant and flocculant was the treated wastewater in Jar 5 using only 16 mg/L of PAC and 0.04 mg/L of PAM were used as coagulant and flocculant, respectively, resulting the value of the turbidity, pH, COD, BOD, and TSS was 2.00 NTU, pH 6.22, 2.00 mg/L, 5.22 mg/L, and
2.00 mg/L, respectively.
References
Aditya, I., & Kartohardjono, S. (2018). Effect of pH of Coagulant on the Treatment of Wastewater from Tofu Industry. E3S Web of Conferences, 67, 04006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186704006
Al-Sareji, O. J., Grmasha, R. A., Ewadh, H. M., & Al-anbary, K. M. (2020). The reduction of chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids from four domestic wastewater disposal suburbs by using coagulation and flocculation processes: a case study in Babylon Province, Iraq. Plant Archives, 20(2), 681–685.
Azman, E. M. T., Shaari, J., & How, V. K. (2013). Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in Malaysia. https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/501/mod_page/content/87/report_malaysia.pdf
Bahrodin, M. B., Zaidi, N. S., Hussein, N., Sillanpää, M., Prasetyo, D. D., & Syafiuddin, A. (2021). Recent advances on coagulation-based treatment of wastewater: Transition from chemical to natural coagulant. Current Pollution Reports, 7(3), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-021-00191-7
Bakar, N. A., Othman, N., Yunus, Z. M., Daud, Z., Norisman, N. S., & Hisham, M. H. (2020). Physico-chemical water quality parameters analysis on textile. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 498(1), 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/498/1/012077
Bakhtiari, A. R., Zakaria, M. P., Yaziz, M. I., Lajis, M. N. H., & Bi, X. (2009). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia, 2(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2009.9
Barros, A., Vecino, X., Reig, M., & Cortina, J. L. (2022). Coagulation and Flocculation Optimization Process Applied to the Sidestream of an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water, 14(24), 4024. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244024
Chaitra, H., Aravind, H. B., & Senapati, A. (2017). Removal of total suspended solids and turbidity by actiflo process using micro-sand. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(7). http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0608020
Du, Y., Qin, M., Shu, L., Zou, Y., Wang, J., Lv, Z., Xu, F., Wang, Q., Zhao, C., Zhang, H., & Kong, Q. (2022). Wastewater treatment and simultaneous production of algal lipids in sequencing batch reactors containing a microalgal-bacterial consortium. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 175, 105491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2022.105491
Fallahiarezoudar, E., Ahmadipourroudposht, M., Yakideh, K., & Ngadiman, N. A. (2022). An eco-environmental efficiency analysis of Malaysia sewage treatment plants: an incorporated window-based data envelopment analysis and ordinary least square regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 38285–38302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18742-w
Gohatre, C. (2016). Effects on Effluent Quality of Industrial Waste Water using Coagulation and Flocculation. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 5(10). http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV5IS100146
Habibi, M., Mobarakeh, M. N., Chamani, A., Abdullah, L. C., & Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi, R. (2024). The efficiency of polyaluminum chloride and anionic polyacrylamide in removing the hot rolling steel factory effluent turbidity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21(3), 2765–2772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05433-3
Indah Water Portal, Overview. (2023). https://www.iwk.com.my/overview
Ishak, K. A. S. S., Panneerselvam, A., Ambikapathy, V., Sathya, R., & Vinothkanna, A. (2021). An investigation of sewage water treatment plant and its physico-chemical analysis. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 35, 102061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102061
Ji, X., Li, Z., Wang, M., Yuan, Z., & Jin, L. (2024). Response Surface Methodology Approach to Optimize Parameters for Coagulation Process Using Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC). Water, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111470
Lee, C.-S., Robinson, J. P., & Chong, M. F. (2014). A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92, 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.04.010
Lei, L., Yao, J., Liu, Y., & Li, W. (2021). Performance, sludge characteristics and microbial community in a salt-tolerant aerobic granular SBR by seeding anaerobic granular sludge. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 163, 105258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105258
Liu, Z., Wu, S., Zhou, A., Sun, X., Xu, H., & Dong, S. (2023). New insight into the additives in preparation and reduction of shield slurry. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 15969. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42939-9
Ma, Z., Qin, J.-J., Liou, C.-X., Zhang, L., & Valiyaveettil, S. (2012). Effects of coagulation, pH and mixing conditions on characteristics of flocs in surface water treatment. World Congress on Advances in Civil, Environmental and Material Research, 26–30.
Martín, M. A., González, I., Berrios, M., Siles, J. A., & Martín, A. (2011). Optimization of coagulation–flocculation process for wastewater derived from sauce manufacturing using factorial design of experiments. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(2–3), 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.06.060
Mishra, S., Kumar, R., & Kumar, M. (2023). Use of treated sewage or wastewater as an irrigation water for agricultural purposes-Environmental, health, and economic impacts. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2023.100051
Nti, S. O., Buamah, R., & Atebiya, J. (2021). Polyaluminium chloride dosing effects on coagulation performance: case study, Barekese, Ghana. Water Practice and Technology, 16(4), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.069
Pushpalatha, N., Sreeja, V., Karthik, R., & Saravanan, G. (2022). Total dissolved solids and their removal techniques. International Journal, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.35745/ijesp2022v02.02.0002
Rahmat, S., Altowayti, W. A. H., Othman, N., Asharuddin, S. M., Saeed, F., Basurra, S., Eisa, T. A. E., & Shahir, S. (2022). Prediction of Wastewater Treatment Plant Performance Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Case Study of a Regional Sewage Treatment Plant in Melaka, Malaysia. Water, 14(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203297
Saxena, K., & Brighu, U. (2020). Comparison of floc properties of coagulation systems: Effect of particle concentration, scale and mode of flocculation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104311
Shabangu, K., Bakare, B., & Bwapwa, J. (2022). The Treatment Effect of Chemical Coagulation Process in South African Brewery Wastewater: Comparison of Polyamine and Aluminum-Chlorohydrate coagulants. Water, 14, 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162495
Sillanpää, M., Ncibi, M. C., Matilainen, A., & Vepsäläinen, M. (2018). Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere, 190, 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.113
Soros, A., Amburgey, J. E., Stauber, C. E., Sobsey, M. D., & Casanova, L. M. (2019). Turbidity reduction in drinking water by coagulation-flocculation with chitosan polymers. Journal of Water and Health, 17(2), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.114
Srivastava, R. K., Shetti, N. P., Reddy, K. R., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2020). Sustainable energy from waste organic matters via efficient microbial processes. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137927.
Suman, H., Choudhary, N., Shukla, V., & Sangal, V. K. (2023). Parametric optimization study for sewage wastewater treatment by electro-chemical process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 90, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.154
Sun, Y., Zhou, S., Chiang, P.-C., & Shah, K. J. (2019). Evaluation and optimization of enhanced coagulation process: Water and energy nexus. Water-Energy Nexus, 2(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2020.01.001
Tantak, N., Chandan, N., & Raina, P. (2014). An Introduction to Biological Treatment and Successful Application of the Aqua EMBR System in Treating Effluent Generated from a Chemical Manufacturing Unit: A Case Study. Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse, 369–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099968-5.00009-X
Tripathy, T., & De, B. (2006). Flocculation : A New Way to Treat the Waste Water. Journal of Physical Sciences, 10, 93–127.
Wang, G., Hao, P., Liang, Y., Liang, Y., Liu, W., Wen, J., Li, X., Zhan, H., & Bi, S. (2022). The new life of traditional water treatment flocculant polyaluminum chloride (PAC): a green and efficient micro–nano reactor catalyst in alcohol solvents. RSC Adv., 12(2), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA08038E
Yang, J., van Lier, J. B., Li, J., Guo, J., & Fang, F. (2022). Integrated anaerobic and algal bioreactors: A promising conceptual alternative approach for conventional sewage treatment. Bioresource Technology, 343, 126115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126115
Zareth, B., Jesús, E., & Luís, G. (2020). Evaluation of the Removal of COD and BOD in Wastewater from Bus Washing Using Coagulation, Flocculation and Aerobic Biological Treatment. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 79, 379–384. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2079064
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Siti Halwa Othman, Noor Fauziyah Ishak, Muhammad Iqhmal Borhan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
