THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INVOLVEMENT AMONG ATHLETES IN UiTM DURING MASUM SPORTS CARNIVAL
Keywords:
Intrapersonal, physical activity, psychological, resilienceAbstract
Physical inactivity is a public health concern, as 1 in 4 adults in Malaysia is inactive. On the other hand, being able to cope with stress and adverse experiences was referred to as resilience. Being active prove to be one of the protective factors for better resilience. However, many other factors contributed to individual resilience. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the correlation between psychological resilience and the level of physical activity involvement among athletes in UiTM during the MASUM sports carnival, factors that contribute to better resilience, and the difference in psychological resilience between male and female athletes among UiTM MASUM's contingent. Purposive sampling was used to identify 206 (N=206) UiTM athletes involved in the MASUM sports carnival. A correlational study was used to help the researcher gain an in-depth view of the proposed topic. The data was analysed using Pearson correlation and T-test. Findings indicate no significant correlation between the level of physical activity involvement and psychological resilience. Besides, social resources, such as family, were the main factors contributing to better psychological resilience, and there was no difference between male and female athletes regarding psychological resilience. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the correlation between the level of physical activity involvement and psychological resilience, factors contributing to better psychological resilience and the difference between male and female students regarding their psychological resilience. For future research, it is advisable to widen the sample to include other universities and use a qualitative method to generalise the results better.
References
Ağırkan, M. (2017). The correlation between value orientations and psychological resilience
Antonini Philippe, R., Schwab, L., & Biasutti, M. (2021). Effects of physical activity and mindfulness on resilience and depression during the first wave of covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700742
Argyros, G. (2019). Psychological resilience in higher education students: A systematic investigation of predictive factors. Journal of Psychology, 09(1-2). https://doi.org/10.31901/24566292.2019/09.1-2.194
Arida, R. M., & Teixeira-Machado, L. (2021). The contribution of physical exercise to Brain Resilience. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.626769
Babiss, L. A., & Gangwisch, J. E. (2009). Sports participation as a protective factor against depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents as mediated by self-esteem and social support. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(5), 376-384.
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148.
Bayrakdaroglu S 2014. Taekwondocularin Psikolojik Saglamlikve Oz Anlayis Duzeylerinin Takim Sporculariyla Karsilastirilmasi. Master Thesis, Unpublished. Saglik Bilimler Enstitusu. Mugla: Mugla Sitki Kocman Universitesi.
Belem, I. C., Caruzzo, N. M., Nascimento Junior, J. R., Vieira, J. L., & Vieira, L. F. (2014a). Impacto das Estratégias de coping na Resiliência de Atletas de vôlei de praia de alto rendimento. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 16(4), 447. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n4p447
Bingol, E., & Bayansalduz, M. (2016). Evaluating the level of exercise dependence and psychological resilience of athletes from different branches. The Anthropologist, 24(3), 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892079
Blanco-García, C., Acebes-Sánchez, J., Rodriguez-Romo, G., & Mon-López, D. (2021). Resilience in sports: Sport type, gender, age and sport level differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158196
Brewer, B. W., Haznadar, A., Katz, D., Van Raalte, J. L., & Petitpas, A. J. (2019). A mental warm-up for athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 33(3), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2018-0120
Çelebi, E., & Oğuzöncül, A. F. (2013). Determination of some health behaviors of special education teachers. Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences, 27(2), 87–92
Conversano, C., Di Giuseppe, M., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., and Orrù, G. (2020). Mindfulness, age and gender as protective factors against psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol. 11:1900. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01900
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F., & Oja, P. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb
Dawson, M., & Pooley, J. A. (2013). Resilience: The Role of Optimism, Perceived Parental Autonomy Support and Perceived Social Support in First Year University Students. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 1(2), 38-49.
Dishman, R. K., Hales, D. P., Pfeiffer, K. A., Felton, G. A., Saunders, R., Ward, D. S., ... & Pate, R. R. (2006). Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychology, 25(3), 396.
Edwards, T., Catling, J.C., & Parry, E. (2016). Identifying Predictors of Resilience in Students. Psychology Teaching Review, 22, 26-34.
Erdogan, E., Ozdogan, O., & Erdogan, M. (2015). University students’ resilience level: The effect of gender and faculty. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.047
Franssen, W. M. A., Vanbrabant, E., Cuveele, E., Ivanova, A., Franssen, G. H. L. M., & Eijnde, B. O. (2021). Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and cardiometabolic health in highly trained athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(10), 1605–1617. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1955013
Gomez, J., Bradley, J., & Conway, P. (2018). The challenges of a high-performance student athlete. Irish Educational Studies, 37(3), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1484299
Harms, C. A., Cohen, L., Pooley, J. A., Chambers, S. K., Galvão, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2018). Quality of life and psychological distress in cancer survivors: The role of psycho‐social resources for resilience. Psycho-Oncology, 28(2), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4934
Hussain, T., Wang, D., & Li, B. (2023). Psychological resilience in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative insight. Acta Psychologica, 240, 104050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104050.
İlhan, A. (2017). The Correlation between psychological resilience, dispositional flow and motivation in the exercise participants. Phd Thesis, Ege University, İzmir.
Institute for Public Health 2020. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Non-communicable diseases, healthcare demand, and health literacy—Key Finding
Irfan, M., Shahudin, F., Hooper, V. J., Akram, W., & Abdul Ghani, R. B. (2021). The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus on University Students and its Socio-Economic Determinants in Malaysia. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580211056217
Júdice, P. B., Silva, A. M., Magalhães, J. P., Matias, C. N., & Sardinha, L. B. (2014). Sedentary behaviour and adiposity in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(19), 1760–1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.926382
Khamis, V. (2015). Bullying among school-age children in the greater Beirut area: Risk and protective factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 39, 137–1
Kılınç, E. (2023). Examining the correlation between adolescents’ psychological resilience and attachment styles using canonical correlation. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 10(2), 441–452. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.2.1001
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607- 610.
Kumar, S., Singh, N. S., & Mitra, S. (2016). Comparison of mental toughness between male and female volleyball players of 12th south Asian games. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(6), 268-270.
Lin, N. (2017). Building a network theory of social capital. Social Capital. Routledge, pp. 3–28.
Litwic-Kaminska, K., & Izdebski, P. (2016). Resiliency against stress among athletes. Health Psychology Report, 4(1), 79–90. doi: 10.5114/hpr.2016.54393
Mariani, A. M., Melchiori, F. M., & Marcolongo, F. (2020). The influence of physical activity inresilience and coping strategies in adulthood. Giornale Italiano Di Educazione Alla Salute, Sport eDidattica Inclusiva, 4(1).
McManama O’Brien, K. H., Rowan, M., Willoughby, K., Griffith, K., & Christino, M. A. (2021). Psychological resilience in young female athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168668
McPhie, M. L., & Rawana, J. S. (2015). The effect of physical activity on depression in adolescence and emerging adulthood: A growth‐curve analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 40(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.01.008
Narwal V. (2021). A comparative study on resilience, satisfaction and quality of life among male and female athletes. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(1), 91-98. DIP:18.01.012/20210901, DOI:10.25215/0901.012
Nunomura Myrian, Mauricio Santos Oliveira. Parents'Support in the Sports Carrer of Young Gymnasts.ScGYM. 2013;5(1):5-17
Oğuz, S, Çamcı, G, & Yılmaz, RK. (2018). State of university students' physical activity and knowing the effect of physical activity on heart health. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1), 54-61.
Öz, F., & Bahadır-Yılmaz, E. (2009). A significant concept in protecting mental health: resilience. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Journal, 16(3), 82-89.
Ozkara, A. B., Kalkavan, A., Alemdag, S., & Alemdag, C. (2016). The role of physical activity in psychological resilience. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 3(102), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v3i102.62
Robbins, A., Catling, J., & Kaye, E. (2018). Predictors of student resilience in higher education. Psychology Teaching Review, 24(1), 44-52. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1180345
Rouquette, O. Y., Knight, C. J., Lovett, V. E., & Heuzé, J.-P. (2021). Effect of parent responsiveness on young athletes’ self-perceptions and thriving: An exploratory study in a Belgian French-community. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101801
Sabouripour, F., Hassan, N. C., & Roslan, S. (2018). Predictors of resilience among Iranian graduate students in University Putra Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(14). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i14/3756
Şahin, M., Yetim, A. A., & Çelik, A. (2012). Physical Activity and Sport as a Preventive Factor in Building Resilience. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 5(8), 373-380.
Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: A review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.901551
Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., ... & Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological balance in high levels athletes: gender-based differences and sportspecific patterns. PloS one, 6(5), e19007.
Seçer, E., & Çakmak Yildizhan, Y. (2020). The Correlation between Physical Activity Levelss and Psychological Resilience of University Students. Propósitos y Representaciones, 8 (SPE2), e598. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8nSPE2.598
Seery, M. D., Leo, R. J., Lupien, S. P., Kondrak, C. L., & Almonte, J. L. (2013). An upside to adversity? Psychological Science, 24(7), 1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612469210
Smith, B. W., Epstein, E. M., Ortiz, J. A., Christopher, P. J., & Tooley, E. M. (2012). The foundations of resilience: What are the critical resources for bouncing back from stress? Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4939-3_13
Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. and Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the Ability to Bounce Back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on College Students' Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Swartzendruber, A. (2018). Exploration of daily sit time among university athletes. Journal of Physical Activity Research, 3(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.12691/jpar-3-2-9
Vergili, M. (2018). The Correlation between attachment types and psychological resilience in university students. Master’s Thesis, Üsküdar University, İstanbul.
Weiler, R., Aggio, D., Hamer, M., Taylor, T., & Kumar, B. (2015). Sedentary behaviour among elite professional footballers: Health and Performance Implications: Table 1. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000023
World Health Organization (WHO) (2002). Gender and Mental Health. Available online at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/68884/a85573.pdf (accessed 16 July 2021)
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Physical activity. World Health Organization. Retrieved August 7, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
Yoshikawa, E., Nishi, D., & Matsuoka, Y. J. (2016). Association between regular physical exercise and depressive symptoms mediated through social support and resilience in Japanese company workers: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health, 16(1), 553.
Zarulli, V., Barthold Jones, J. A., Oksuzyan, A., Lindahl-Jacobsen, R., Christensen, K., & Vaupel, J. W. (2018). Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(4). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701535115.