Mobile payment and e-wallet adoption in emerging economies: A systematic literature review

Faten Aisyah  Ahmad Ramli

Authors

Faten Aisyah Ahmad Ramli Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam

Keywords:

Mobile wallet, Mobile payment, E-wallet, Emerging economies

Abstract

Against the backdrop of greater smartphone and internet penetration across the emerging markets, electronic wallet (e-wallet) has emerged as a reliable and well-known digital payment method. The main purpose of this paper is to review the growing volume of studies on e-wallet adoption in this region. E-wallet is widely used worldwide, but it has yet to become mainstream in developing countries, including Malaysia. Hence, scholars have conducted numerous studies on e-wallet use, but there seems to be a lack of consensus on the predictors influencing its adoption. This study examines these publications to analyze the potential research gaps, offer a multi-stakeholder eco-system framework and make recommendations for future research. We retrieved scholarly articles on E-Wallet adoption published from 2016-2021 through the Google Scholar and Scopus database. After the screening process in which some papers were excluded, 77 previous studies were reviewed regarding the methodology, findings and adaptation of theories/models. Considering that a large portion of the studies are grounded based on the technology acceptance framework and typically involved drivers and enablers, we call for a distinct approach that draws in other factors into the equation. For instance, future research may divulge the inhibitors to E-wallet adoption and incorporate the external environment and consumer psychological factors as potential predictors.

References

Abdullah, N., Redzuan, F., & Daud, N. A. (2020). E-wallet: Factors influencing user acceptance towards cashless society in Malaysia among public universities. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 20(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i1.pp67-74

Abidin, W. Z., Rivera, O., Maarop, N., & Hassan, N. H. (2017). Mobile payment framework for the unbanked Filipinos. International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems, ICRIIS. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIIS.2017.8002478

Abrahão, R. de S., Moriguchi, S. N., & Andrade, D. F. (2016). Intention of adoption of mobile payment: An analysis in the light of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 13(3), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2016.06.003

Adharsh, R., Harikrishnan, J., Prasad, A., & Venugopal, J. S. (2018). Transformation towards E-Wallet Payment Systems Pertaining to Indian Youth. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119(12), 2583–2594.

Aji, H. M., Berakon, I., & Md Husin, M. (2020). COVID-19 and e-wallet usage intention: A multigroup analysis between Indonesia and Malaysia. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1), 1804181. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1804181

Alabdan, R. (2019). Exploring barriers mobile payments adoption: A case study of Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1098 CCIS(November), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36368-0_13

Alabdan, R., & Sulphey, M. M. (2020). Understanding proximity mobile payment acceptance among Saudi individuals: An exploratory study. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(4), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110436

Ali, I., Rehman, K. U., Ali, S. I., Yousaf, J., & Zia, M. (2010). Corporate social responsibility influences, employee commitment and organizational performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4(13), 2796-2801.

Almasri, M., & Alshareef, H. (2019). Mobile cloud-based e-payment systems in Saudi Arabia: A case study. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3361785.3361795

Alshurideh, M. T., Al Kurdi, B., Masa’deh, R., & Salloum, S. A. (2021). The moderation effect of gender on accepting electronic payment technology: a study on United Arab Emirates consumers. Review of International Business and Strategy. https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-08-2020-0102

Amoroso, D., Lim, R., & Roman, F. (2021). The effect of reciprocity on mobile wallet intention: A study of filipino consumers. International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management, 12(2), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJABIM.20210401.oa4

Ariffin, S. K., & Lim, K. T. (2020). Investigating Factors Affecting Intention to Use Mobile Payment Among Young Professionals in Malaysia. 141, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200514.002

Aslam, W., Ham, M., & Arif, I. (2017). Consumer behavioral intentions towards mobile payment services: An empirical analysis in Pakistan. Market-Trziste, 29(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.22598/mt/2017.29.2.161

Aydin, G., & Burnaz, S. (2016). Adoption of mobile payment systems: a study on mobile wallets. Pressacademia, 5(1), 73–73. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2016116555

Baraja, Y. A., & Gunawan, J. (2019). Identifikasi Karakteristik Merchant dalam Mengadopsi Layanan Mobile Payment Studi Kasus: Merchant OVO dan Merchant Gopay di Surabaya. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS, 8(2), 405-410.

Bobde, A. B. (2019). Factors impacting mobile wallet usage in Pune city. International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, 7(6), 141–150.

Busu, S., Karim, N. A., & Haron, H. (2018). Factors of adoption intention for near field communication mobile payment. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 11(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp98-104

Chakraborty, S., & Mitra, D. (2018). A Study on Consumers Adoption Intention for Digital Wallets in India. International Journal on Customer Relations, 6(1), 38–57. http://eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/2024116193?accountid=42599

Chawla, D., & Joshi, H. (2020). Role of Mediator in Examining the Influence of Antecedents of Mobile Wallet Adoption on Attitude and Intention. Global Business Review, 21, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920924506

Chresentia, S., & Suharto, Y. (2020). Assessing Consumer Adoption Model On E-Wallet: An Extended UTAUT2 Approach. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 4(06), 232–244.

Chua, J., & Ling, A. W. P. (2019). Acceptance of WeChat Pay among Consumers in Malaysia. INTI Journal, 6, 48. Retrieved from http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/1322/.

Dahlberg, T., Guo, J., & Ondrus, J. (2015). A Critical Review of Mobile Payment Research. Electronic Commerce Research and Applicants, 14. 265-284. 10.1016/j.elerap.2015.07.006".

de Luna, Iviane & Ríos, Francisco & Liébana-Cabanillas, Francisco & Luna, João. (2016). NFC technology acceptance for mobile payments: A Brazilian Perspective. Review of Business Management. 19. 10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.2315

Franciska A. Marina & Sahayaselvi, S. (2017). An Overview On Digital Payments.International Journal of Research, 13(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36106/gjra/8906567

Giovanis, A., Tsoukatos, E., & Vrontis, D. (2020). Customers’ intentions to adopt proximity m-payment services: Empirical evidence from Greece. Global Business and Economics Review, 22(1–2), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1504/GBER.2020.105026

Groenfeldt, T. (2017). “China Leads On Mobile Wallets -Will Others Follow?” Forbes. Retrieved February 3, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomgroenfeldt/2017/04/26/china-leads-on-mobile-wallets-will-others-follow/?sh=6a4d0ef44537

Halaweh, M., & Qaisi, H. Al. (2016). Adoption of near field communication (NFC) for mobile payments in the UAE: A merchants’ perspective. International Journal of E-Business Research, 12(4), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEBR.2016100103

Hariguna, T., Adiandari, A. M., & Ruangkanjanases, A. (2020). Assessing customer intention use of mobile money application and the antecedent of perceived value, economic trust and service trust. International Journal of Web Information Systems, 16(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-12-2019-0055

Hord, J. (2005). “How Electronic Payment Works.” Howstuffworks. Retrieved February 5, 2021, from https://money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/online-banking/electronic-payment1.htm (Retrieved on 5 February 2021)

Humbani, M., & Wiese, M. (2018). A Cashless Society for All: Determining Consumers’ Readiness to Adopt Mobile Payment Services. Journal of African Business, 19(3), 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1396792

Intarot, P., & Beokhaimook, C. (2018). Influencing Factor in E-Wallet Acceptant and Use. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 4(4), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.4.10004-4

Islam, T., Saif-Ur-Rehman, Abid, C. M. S., & Ahmer, Z. (2020). How perceptions about ease of use and risk explain intention to use mobile payment services in Pakistan? The mediating role of perceived trust. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Science, 14(1), 34–48.

Isrososiawan, S., Hurriyati, R., & Dirgantari, P. D. (2019). Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): Study of “Dana” E-Wallet Users. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 6(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v6i2.11274

F. J. Jaz, F. H. AlSabah and M. Sarfraz. (2018). Mobile Commerce Applications and Adoption for Kuwait. M. A. E Barr, F. Al-anazi, & M. Sarfaz (Eds.). 2018 International Conference on Computing Sciences and Engineering (ICCSE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSE1.2018.8374217

Kabir, M. A., Saidin, S. Z., & Ahmi, A. (2015). Adoption of e-payment systems : a review of literature. Proceedings of the International Conference on E-Commerce, October, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9336

Karim, M. W., Haque, A., Ulfy, M. A., Hossain, M. A., & Anis, M. Z. (2020). Factors Influencing the Use of E-wallet as a Payment Method among Malaysian Young Adults. Journal of International Business and Management, 3(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37227/jibm-2020-2-21/

Kepp, S. (2019). “Datareportal Digital 2019 Spotlight.” Datareportal. Available at https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-global-digital-overview (Retrieved 13 April 2021)

Komba, K. J., & Abd Razak, K. (2021). Factors Influencing Customer Retention for Electronic Wallet Services in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 11(2), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2021.v11.1037

Kongarchapatara, B. & Rodjanatara, C. (2018, April 1-3). Factors affecting adoption versus behavioral intention to use QR code payment application. 2018 International Conference on E-Commerce, e-Administration, e-Society, e-Education, and e-Technology, Osaka, Japan. https://www.cm.mahidol.ac.th/research/index.php/publications?view=publication&task=show&id=748

Ladkoom, K., & Thanasopon, B. (2020). Factors influencing reuse intention of e-payment in Thailand: A case study of promptpay. ICEIS 2020 - Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, 1(Iceis), 743–750. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009410407430750

Laywilla, E., Kartar Singh, J. S., & Yin Fah, B. C. (2020). Drivers of Intention to Adopt Mobile Wallet: A Quantitative Study Among Females in Jakarta. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(11), 804–820. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i11/8061

Leong, L. Y., Hew, T. S., Ooi, K. B., & Wei, J. (2020). Predicting mobile wallet resistance: A two-staged structural equation modeling-artificial neural network approach. International Journal of Information Management, 51(2020), 102047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102047

Lin, W. R., Lin, C. Y., & Ding, Y. H. (2020). Factors affecting the behavioral intention to adopt mobile payment: An empirical study in Taiwan. Mathematics, 8(10), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101851

Lonare, A., Yadav, A., & Sindhu, S. (2018). E-Wallets: Diffusion and Adoption in Indian Economy. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, 9(2), 9. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijcms/v9i2/02

Lustigová, L., & Šálková, D. (2018). Shopping via mobile phones in the Central European Czech Republic market. Agris On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 10(4), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2018.100405

Malaquias, Rodrigo F., & Hwang, Y. (2019). Mobile banking use: A comparative study with Brazilian and U.S. participants. International Journal of Information Management, 44(2019), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.004

Malaquias, Rodrigo Fernandes, & Silva, A. F. (2020). Understanding the use of mobile banking in rural areas of Brazil. Technology in Society, 62(2020), 101260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101260

Malik, A., Suresh, S., & Sharma, S. (2019). An empirical study of factors influencing consumers’ attitude towards adoption of wallet apps. International Journal of Management Practice, 12(4), 426–442. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMP.2019.102534

Manikandan, S., & Jayakodi, J. M. (2017). an Emprical Study on Consumers Adoption of Mobile Wallet With Special Reference To Chennai City. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 5(5), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1843

Matemba, E. D., Li, G., & Maiseli, B. (2019). Influence of word-of-mouth and familiarity on diffusion and adoption of WeChat wallet in South Africa. Wang. S (Eds.), 2019 2nd International Conferences on Intelligent System Research and Mechatronics Engineering (ISRME 2019). Web of Proceedings of Francis Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.25236/isrme.2019.098

Ming, K. L. Y., Jais, M., Wen, C. C., & Zaidi, N. S. (2020). Factor Affecting Adoption of E-Wallet in Sarawak. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 10(2), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarafms/v10-i2/7446

Moghavvemi, S., Mei, T. X., Phoong, S. W., & Phoong, S. Y. (2021). Drivers and barriers of mobile payment adoption: Malaysian merchants’ perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59(2021), 102364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102364

Mouakket, S. (2020). Investigating the role of mobile payment quality characteristics in the United Arab Emirates: implications for emerging economies. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(7), 1465–1490. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-03-2020-0139

Ng, B. A., & Mei, Y. C. (2019). Factors Influencing Consumers’ Perceived Usefulness of M-Wallet in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 8(4), 1–23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333673788

Nielsen, 2019. Cash or cashless? Malaysia’s shifting payment landscape. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www. nielsen.com/my/en/insights/article/2019/cash-or-cashless-malaysias-shifting-payment-landscape/.

Nizam F., Hwang H.J., Valaei N. (2019) Measuring the Effectiveness of E-Wallet in Malaysia. In: Lee R. (eds) Big Data, Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering. BCD 2018. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 786. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96803-2_5

Nookhao, S., & Chaveesuk, S. (2019). The Consumer Trust Influencing Intention to Use Electronic Wallet in Thailand. 2019 11th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ICITEE 2019, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITEED.2019.8929973

Omarini, A. E. (2018). Fintech and the future of the payment landscape: The mobile wallet ecosystem - A challenge for retail banks? International Journal of Financial Research, 9(4), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n4p97

Oney, E., Guven, G. O., & Rizvi, W. H. (2017). The determinants of electronic payment systems usage from consumers’ perspective. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja , 30(1), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2017.1305791

Padiya, Jasmin and Bantwa, Ashok, Adoption of E-wallets: A Post Demonetisation Study in Ahmedabad City (2018). Pacific Business Review International Volume 10 Issue 10, April 2018, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3735394

Pahwa, A. (2017). E-wallet: Everything you should know about e-wallet. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https://www.feedough.com/e-wallet/

Patil, P., Tamilmani, K., Rana, N. P., & Raghavan, V. (2020). Understanding consumer adoption of mobile payment in India: Extending Meta-UTAUT model with personal innovativeness, anxiety, trust, and grievance redressal. International Journal of Information Management, 54(2020), 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102144

Persada, S. F., Dalimunte, I., Nadlifatin, R., Miraja, B. A., Redi, A. A. N. P., Prasetyo, Y. T., Chin, J., & Lin, S.-C. (2021). Revealing the Behavior Intention of Tech-Savvy Generation Z to Use Electronic Wallet Usage: A Theory of Planned Behavior Based Measurement. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(1), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3171.2021

Rabaa, A. A., & Zhu, X. (2021). Understanding the determinants of wearable payment adoption: An empirical study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 16, 173–211.

Rantung, H. M., Tumbuan, W. J. F. A., & Gunawan, E. M. (2020). the Determinants Influencing Behaviorial Intention To Use E-Wallet During Covid-19 Pandemic in Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 8(4), 352–360. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v8i4.30784

Rathore, H. S. (2016). Adoption of digital wallet by consumers. BVIMR’s Journal of Management Research, 8(1), 69–75.

Revathy, C., & Balaji, P. (2020). Determinants of Behavioural Intention on E-Wallet Usage: An Empirical Examination in Amid of COVID-19 Lockdown Period. International Journal of Management (IJM), 11(6), 92–104. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.008

Rosli, N. F. A., Ibrahim, R., Yahya, Y., Zainuddin, N. M. M., Yaacob, S., & Yusoff, R. C. M. (2020). Consumers ’ Intention to Use Mobile Payment : A Case of Quick Response (QR) Code Applications. Mathematical Sciences and Informatics Journal, 1(1), 20–34.

Rouibah. K, P. B. Lowry, and Y. Hwang (2016), “The effects of perceived enjoyment and perceived risks on trust formation and intentions to use online payment systems: New perspectives from an Arab country,” Electron Commer. Res. Appl., vol. 19, pp. 33–43, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2810637

Ruangkanjanases, A., & Sirikulprasert, N. (2018). Predicting consumer intention to adopt near field communication enabled mobile payment in Thailand. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 10(2–7), 147–152.

Sharma, S. K., Mangla, S. K., Luthra, S., & Al-Salti, Z. (2018). Mobile wallet inhibitors: Developing a comprehensive theory using an integrated model. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 45(2018), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.08.008

Singh, N., & Sinha, N. (2020). How perceived trust mediates merchant’s intention to use a mobile wallet technology. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 52(2020), 101894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101894

Singh, Nidhi, Sinha, N., & Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J. (2020). Determining factors in the adoption and recommendation of mobile wallet services in India: Analysis of the effect of innovativeness, stress to use and social influence. International Journal of Information Management, 50(2020), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.022

Sitinjaka, D., & Koesrindartoto, D. (2019). Factors Influencing the Consumer Adoption of Mobile QR Code Payments in Indonesian University Students. Aprianingsih A., Aprilianty F., Belgiawan P. F., Mayangsari L., Wasesa M., Windasari N. A., Wulansari A. (Eds.) International Conference on Management in Emerging Markets (pp. 79-84). The School of Business and Management-Institusi Teknologi Bandung (SBM ITB). https://journal.sbm.itb.ac.id/index.php/ProceedingSBMITB/article/download/3454/1335

Soodan, V., & Rana, A. (2020). Modeling customers’ intention to use e-wallet in a developing nation: Extending UTAUT2 with security, privacy and savings. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 18(1), 89–114. https://doi.org/10.4018/JECO.2020010105

Stewart, D., & Klein, S. (2015). The use of theory in research. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 38(3), 615–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0216-y

Suebtimrat, P., & Vonguai, R. (2021). An Investigation of Behavioral Intention Towards QR Code Payment in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 939–950. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.939

Tan, O. K., Abdul Aziz, F., Ong, C. H., Goh, C. F., Lim, K. Y., Saadon, M. S. I., & Choi, S. L. (2020). E-Wallet Acceptance among Undergraduates in Malaysia. Test Engineering and Management, 83(2020), 12990–12998.

Tan, Y., & Li, C. Y. (2018). Banking on the e-wallet in Malaysia. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/blog/pwc-my-deals-strategy-banking-on-the-ewallet-in-malaysia.pdf

Taufan, A., & Yuwono, R, T. (2018). Analysis of Factors That Affect Intention to Use e-Wallet through the Technology Acceptance Model Approach (Case Study: GO-PAY) . International Journal of Science and Research, 8(7), 413–419.

Teoh, M. T. T., Hoo, C. Y., & Lee, T. H. (2020). E-Wallet Adoption: a Case in Malaysia. International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies, 2(4), 135–3.

The Economic Times. (2018). E-Wallet Definitions. Retroeved April 25, 2021 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/e-wallets.

Tiwari, P., Garg, V., & Singhal, A. (2019). A study of consumer adoption of digital wallet special reference to NCR. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference On Cloud Computing, Data Science and Engineering, Confluence 2019, 664–669. https://doi.org/10.1109/CONFLUENCE.2019.8776939

Trachuk, A., & Linder, N. (2017). The adoption of mobile payment services by consumers: An empirical analysis results. Business and Economic Horizons, 13(3), 383–408. https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2017.28

Trivedi, J. (2016). Factors determining the acceptance of e-wallet. Journal of Applied Marketing and Management, 1(2), 42–53.

Trotman, J. (2021). E wallets 2021 Trend, Types of E wallets, and Challenges. Retrieved March 3, 2021, from https://www.nimbleappgenie.com/blogs/e-wallets-2020-trend-types-and-challenges/

Upadhayaya, A. (2012). Electronic Commerce and E-Wallet. International Journal of Recent Research and Review, 1(2012), 37–41. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.379.7069

Vasantha, S., & Sarika, P. (2019). Empirical analysis of demographic factors affecting intention to use mobile wallet. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6), 768–776. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1149.0886S19

Walters, W. H. (2009). Google Scholar Search Performance: Comparative Recall and Precision. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 9(1), 5–24.

Widodo, M., Irawan, M. I., & Sukmono, R. A. (2019). Extending UTAUT2 to explore digital wallet adoption in Indonesia. 2019 International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT 2019) (pp.78–883). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOIACT46704.2019.8938415

Wijayanthi, I. M. (2019). Behavioral Intention of Young Consumers Towards E-Wallet Adoption: an Empirical Study Among Indonesian Users. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 85(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.09

Wycech, S. (2015). An Investigation of Attitudes towards Mobile Payments [Master's Theses, University of Dublin. https://www.scss.tcd.ie/publications/theses/diss/2015/TCD-SCSS-dissertation-2015-017.pdf

Yang, M., Al Mamun, A., Mohiuddin, M., Nawi, N. C., & Zainol, N. R. (2021). Cashless transactions: A study on intention and adoption of e-wallets. Sustainability, 13(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020831

Yeh, H. (2020). Factors in the Ecosystem of Mobile payment affecting its use: From the customers’ Perspective in Taiwan. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 15(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762020000100103

Yuen, M. (2019). Cashing in on e-wallets. Thestar. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/02/03/cashing-in-on-ewallets-its-a-growing-trend-more-people-are-using-ewallets-in-their-phones-these-days