Exploring The Influence of Mediating Factors of Flexible Schedule, Job Satisfaction, and Work-Life Balance on Employee Performance In Hybrid Working Arrangements (HWAs): A Quantitative Research of Information Technology (IT) Organization in Klang Valley
Keywords:
hybrid work arrangements, flexible schedule, job satisfaction, work-life balance, employee performanceAbstract
This study explores the impact of hybrid work structures on employee performance, focusing on mediating factors such as flexible schedules, job satisfaction, and work-life balance. Utilizing quantitative research methodology, the research targets information technology (IT) organization personnel who are experienced or likely to engage in hybrid work arrangements. The IT sector's early adoption of hybrid work models provides an ideal context, offering valuable insights for organizations and individuals in this technology-driven field. The study employs a non-probability and purposive sampling strategy, selecting IT employees in non-managerial positions who have experienced hybrid work arrangements and possess the necessary tools. A comprehensive survey instrument will be used to collect quantitative data, which will be rigorously analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS). The research aims to assess the effects of flexible schedules, job satisfaction, and work-life balance on employee performance within IT organizations. By quantifying these relationships and identifying key performance drivers, the study seeks to provide practical insights. These insights will empower both organizations and employees to optimize hybrid work models. The findings will help delineate how various elements of hybrid work contribute to employee productivity, satisfaction, and overall performance. This research promises to deliver pertinent findings that can enhance our understanding of how hybrid work environments influence various aspects of employee performance in the IT sector, potentially guiding future policies and practices in this evolving landscape.
References
Acedo, F. J., Barroso, C., & Galán-González, J. L. (2006). The resource-based theory: dissemination and main trends. Strategic Management Journal, 27(7), 621–636. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.532
Alfatihah, I.,Nugroho,A.S., Haessel,E.& Maharani,A.(2021). The Influence of Work-Life Balance with Work Motivation as Mediating Factor on Job Satisfaction A Prediction toward Transition to New Normal Situation, The Management Journal of Binaniaga, 6(1), 79-94. doi: 10.33062/mjb.v6i1.431
Allen, T. D., Merlo, K., Lawrence, R. C., Slutsky, J., & Gray, C. E. (2021). Boundary management and work‐nonwork balance while working from home. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 60-84.
Allen, T. D.; Golden, T. D.; Shockley, K. M. (2015). How Effective Is Telecommuting? Assessing the Status of Our Scientific Findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40–68. doi:10.1177/1529100615593273
Allen, Tammy D.; Johnson, Ryan C.; Kiburz, Kaitlin M.; Shockley, Kristen M. (2013). Work-Family Conflict and Flexible Work Arrangements: Deconstructing Flexibility. Personnel Psychology, 66(2), 345–376. doi:10.1111/peps.12012
Barber, L. K., Grawitch, M. J., & Munz, D. C. (2019). Are better performers more likely to panic? Effects of performance on distress following a stressor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(4), 467-479. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000141
Baron, Reuben M.; Kenny, David A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations..., 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2021). Why working from home will stick. NBER Working Paper No. 28731. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28731
Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2023). The evolution of work from home. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(4), 23-49
Berg, P., Kalleberg, A. L., & Appelbaum, E. (2003). Balancing work and family: The role of high‐commitment environments. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 42(2), 168-188.
Biron, Michal; van Veldhoven, Marc (2016). When control becomes a liability rather than an asset: Comparing home and office days among part-time teleworkers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37 (8), 1317-1337. doi:10.1002/job.2106
Bloom, N. (2021). Hybrid is the future of work. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR): Stanford, CA, USA.
Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., & Zhestkova, Y. (2021, May). Covid-19 shifted patent applications toward technologies that support working from home. In AEA Papers and Proceedings (Vol. 111, pp. 263-266). 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203: American Economic Association.
Bloom, N.; Liang, J.; Roberts, J.; Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does Working from Home Work? Evidence from a Chinese Experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165–218. doi:10.1093/qje/qju032
Brough, Paula; Timms, Carolyn; O'Driscoll, Michael P.; Kalliath, Thomas; Siu, Oi-Ling; Sit, Cindy; Lo, Danny (2014). Work–life balance: a longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724–2744. doi:10.1080/09585192.2014.899262
C. Kelliher; D. Anderson (2010). Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human Relations, 63, (1), 83-106. doi:10.1177/0018726709349199
Cech, E. A.; Blair-Loy, M. (2014). Consequences of Flexibility Stigma Among Academic Scientists and Engineers. Work and Occupations, 41(1), 86–110. doi:10.1177/0730888413515497
Chaudhury, S., Kiran, R., & Mehta, D. (2022). The Influence of Hybrid Working Arrangements on Employee Work-Life Balance in the IT Sector. Journal of Business Research, 139, 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.028
Chen, A. S. Y., Nguyen, T. K., Yang, H. W., & Lin, Y. H. (2024). The effect of job autonomy on the indirect relationships among expatriates’ cultural intelligence, psychological availability, and work outcomes. Current Psychology, 43(10), 9258-9269.
Dhand, S. (2023). Developments in the Remote Work and Learning. Using Crises and Disasters as Opportunities for Innovation and Improvement, 189.
Ellen Ernst Kossek; Brenda A. Lautsch; Susan C. Eaton (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work–family effectiveness. , 68(2), 347–367. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002
Gajendran, Ravi S.; Harrison, David A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Gallup. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Work and Wellbeing. Retrieved from https://www.gallup.com
Golden, T. D. (2005). The Impact of Extent of Telecommuting on Job Satisfaction: Resolving Inconsistent Findings. Journal of Management, 31(2), 301–318. doi:10.1177/0149206304271768
Golden, Timothy D.; Veiga, John F.; Simsek, Zeki (2006). Telecommuting's differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340–1350. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
Gratton, L. (2021). How to do hybrid right. Harvard Business Review, 99(3), 65-74.
Grzegorczyk, M., Mariniello, M., Nurski, L., & Schraepen, T. (2021). Blending the physical and virtual: a hybrid model for the future of work (No. 14/2021). Bruegel Policy Contribution.
Hill, N. S., Axtell, C., Raghuram, S., & Nurmi, N. (2024). Unpacking virtual work's dual effects on employee well-being: An integrative review and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 50(2), 752-792.
Jamaludin, M. F., & Razak, R. (2018). Flexible working arrangements in Malaysia: The influence of work-related characteristics and the role of work engagement. Asian Journal of Business Research, 8(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.180053
Jindain, C., & Gilitwala, B. (2024). The factors impacting the intermediating variable of employee engagement toward employee performance in a hybrid working model. Rajagiri Management Journal, 18(2), 167-179.
Johnson, M., Liu, H., & Ng, S. (2024). Mitigating Remote Work Challenges through Virtual Team-Building. Journal of Business Research, 144, 64-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.09.002
Judge, Timothy A.; Thoresen, Carl J.; Bono, Joyce E.; Patton, Gregory K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376–407. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., ... & Vugt, M. V. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American psychologist, 76(1), 63.
Kossek, E. E., Thompson, R. J., & Lautsch, B. A. (2015). Balanced workplace flexibility: Avoiding the traps. California management review, 57(4), 5-25.
Kuppachi, K. R. (2023). The Impact of Hybrid Work Arrangements on Employee Engagement and Performance (Doctoral dissertation, Indian School of Business (India)).
Lin, X., Lam, L. W., & Zhang, L. L. (2020). The curvilinear relationship between job satisfaction and employee voice: Speaking up for the organization and the self. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 37(2), 587-607.
Lund, S., Madgavkar, A., Manyika, J., Smit, S., Ellingrud, K., & Robinson, O. (2021). The future of work after COVID-19. McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com
Maslach, Christina; Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; Leiter, Michael P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Mihalca, L., Irimiaş, T., & Brendea, G. (2021). Teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic: Determining factors of perceived work productivity, job performance, and satisfaction. Amfiteatru Economic, 23(58), 620-636.
Nathan A. Bowling (2010). Effects of Job Satisfaction and Conscientiousness on Extra-Role Behaviors. , 25(1), 119–130. doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9134-0
Raghuram, S., Hill, N. S., Gibbs, J. L., & Maruping, L. M. (2019). Virtual work: Bridging research clusters. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 308-341.
Riketta, Michael (2008). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 472–481. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.472
Snow, M. (2022). Hybrid Work Models and Employee Performance in the IT Industry. International Journal of Information Management, 62, 102434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102434
Sokolic, D. (2022). Remote work and hybrid work organizations. Economic and social development: Book of proceedings, 202-213.
Soomro, T. R., Memon, S. M., & Sheikh, S. A. (2021). Digital Transformation and Industry 4.0 in Malaysia: Government Initiatives and Challenges. Journal of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, 9(2), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.52939/jtmt.v9i2.225
Spieth, P. (2018). The Role of IT in Hybrid Working Models: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 27(3), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2018.07.004
Timothy D. Golden; (2021). Telework and the Navigation of Work-Home Boundaries . Organizational Dynamics. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100822
United Nations. (2019). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
Urien Angulo, B., & Erro Garcés, A. (2024). Do you prefer logging in?: the relevance of the experience of telework for wellbeing. Employee Relations, 2024, 46, 1-16.
Vander Elst, Tinne; Van den Broeck, Anja; De Witte, Hans; De Cuyper, Nele (2012). The mediating role of frustration of psychological needs in the relationship between job insecurity and work-related well-being. Work & Stress, 26(3), 252–271. doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.703900
Vasumathi, A. (2018). Work life balance of women employees: a literature review. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 29(1), 100-146.
Vleeshouwers, J., Fløvik, L., Christensen, J. O., Johannessen, H. A., Bakke Finne, L., Mohr, B., ... & Lunde, L. K. (2022). The relationship between telework from home and the psychosocial work environment: a systematic review. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 95(10), 2025-2051.
Walumbwa, Fred O.; Muchiri, Michael K.; Misati, Everlyne; Wu, Cindy; Meiliani, Meiliani (2017). Inspired to perform: A multilevel investigation of antecedents and consequences of thriving at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(1), 22–37. doi:10.1002/job.2216
Wheatley, D. (2016). Employee satisfaction and use of flexible working arrangements. Work, Employment & Society, (31), 0950017016631447 567–585. doi:10.1177/0950017016631447
Yang, Y., Choi, J., & Lee, J. (2023). Enhancing Performance in Hybrid Work Environments: The Role of Employee Training and Development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 34(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21452
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.