MODELLING PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF ROHINGYA REFUGEES USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING (PLS) IN MALAYSIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24191/VoA.v17i2.11911Keywords:
Job Competition, Knowledge, Media, Policy, Perception, Refugee, RohingyaAbstract
As every part of the world is battling with the deadly virus, Malaysia is also struggling in flattening the Covid-19 curve with Rohingya refugees being one of the clusters involved. This creates both a positive and negative perception of the Rohingya community in this country. Therefore, this study aims to explore the perception of the public on Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. Public perception is referred to as the process to determine the way people interpreted their surroundings. Apart from that, the objectives are also mainly to identify the relationship between media, knowledge, government policy and competition in job toward the public perception of Rohingya refugees. 384 respondents of this study were community lived in Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia. A purposive sampling technique was used with a questionnaire as the instrument. SEM-PLS analysis was conducted and the findings show that there is a significant relationship between the variables and perception of Rohingya refugees with mass media considered as the main factor. This study suggested that public perceptions can be constructed through the tested variables even knowledge can be considered to have a low impact on perception. Hence, various parties such as authority, non-governmental bodies and community has benefited from the study.
References
Alshoubaki, W. & Harris, M. (2018). The impact of Syrian refugees on Jordan: A framework for analysis. Journal of International Studies, 11, 154-179.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103 (May), 411-423.
Ayoubi, Z., & Saavedra, R. (2018). Refugee livelihoods: new actors, new models. Forced Migration Review, (58), 39-42.
Azharudin, M. D. & Azlinariah, A. (2012). Air Mata KesengsaraanRohingya: Identiti, Penindasan Dan Pelarian. Inteam Publishing.
Azizah, K. (2009). Filipino refugees in Sabah: State responses, public stereotypes and the dilemma over their future. Southeast Asian Studies, 47(1), 52–88.
Baloch, A., Shah, S. Z., Noor, Z. M., & Lacheheb, M. (2017). The Economic Effect of Refugee Crises on Neighbouring Host Countries: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. International Migration. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12389
Barcelo, K., Hainmueller, J., and Hangartner, D. (2016). ‘How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes towards asylum seekers’, Political Science, 354: 6309.
Beutin, R., Canoy, M., Horvath, A., Hubert, A., Lerais, F., Smith, P. (2006). Migration and public perception Brussels: European Commission: Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA), European Commission
Blinder, S. M.-S. (2013). Thinking behind the numbers: Understanding public opinion on immigration in Britain's Migration Observatory report, COMPAS, Unversity of Oxford. Journal of Political Studies, 80.
Blom, S. (2008). Attitudes towards Immigrants . Journal of Ethnics and Immigration Studies, 142.
Cambridge University Press. (2018). Meaning of "public" in the English Dictionary. Retrieved from Cambridge Dictionary: https:// dictionary. cambridge. org/ dictionary/ english/ public
Catherine, H. & Greg, P. (2013). The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1).
Chuah, F. L. H, Tan, S. T., Yeo, J. &Legido-Quigley, H. (2018). Health System Responses to the Health Needs of Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Malaysia: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health.16 (9):1584.
Crawley, H & Zanker, J. H. (2018). Deciding Where to go: Policies, People and Perceptions Shaping Destination Preferences. International Migration, 57(1), 20-35.
Crisp, J., Obi, N & Umlas, L. (2012). But When Will Our Turn Come? A Review of the Implementation of UNHCR’s Urban Refugee Policy in Malaysia. Geneva: Policy Development and Evaluation Service, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Démuth, A. (2013). Perception Theories. Poland: Association of Slovaks in Poland
Dowler, E., Bauer, M., Green, J. & Gasperoni, G. (2006). Assessing public perception: issues and methods. Available at: https://www.researchgate. net/ publication/30528118 Assessing_public_perception_issues_and_methods
Equal Rights Trust. (2014). Equal Only In Name. London: Stroma Ltd.
Esses, V. M. (2013). " Uncertainty, Threat, and the Role of the Media in Promoting the Dehumanization of Immigrants and Refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 518-536.
Eysenck, M. W. & Keane, M. T. (2008). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Florence, KY: Psychology Press, 6th Edition.
Faizie, M. (2018, 21 October). Rohingya bukan isu domestik Myanmar, Malaysia terima tempias – Mat Sabu. Available at: https://www.airtimes.my/2018/10/21/rohingya-bukan-isu-domestik-myanmar-malaysia-terima-tempias-mat-sabu/
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Geurs, K. & Ritsema, J. R. (2003). Accessibility measures: review and applications. Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact.
Gholami, R., Sulaiman, A. B., Ramayah, T., & Molla, A. (2013). Senior managers’ perception on green information systems (IS) adoption and environmental performance: Results from a field survey. Information and Management, 50(7), 431-43.
Gold, H., Malhotra, A. &Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, Summer 2001, 18(1), 185.
Gregory, R. L. (1970). The Intelligent Eye. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014).A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publication: Los Angeles.
Hargrave, H. D. (2017). Understanding public attitudes towards refugees and migrants. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Haslam, N. (2012). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Review, 252.
Helmholtzm H. V. (2018). Theory of Percpetion. Stanford: Centre for the Study of Language and Information. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hermann-helmholtz/ (Accessed on 1 April 2020)
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
Lergetporer, P., Werner, K. & Woessmann, L. (2018). Does Ignorance of Economic Returns and Costs Explain the Educational Aspiration Gap? Evidence from Representative Survey Experiments. Discussion Paper Series, IZA – Institute of Labor Economics.
Matherne, S. (2015). Images and Kant’s Theory of Perception. Ergo An Open Access Journal of Philosophy, 2(29):737-777.
Mohammad, F. K. (2018). A Historical Approach to Myanmar's Democratic Process. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 133.
Navruz, M. & Cukurcayir, M. A. (2015). Factors Affecting Changes In Perceptions of Turkish People Towards Syrian Refugees. International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. IV(4), 75-85.
Nielsen, S. Y. (2016). Perception between Syrian refugees and their host communities. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 99-106.
Niklander, S., Soto, R. & Crawford, B. (2015). Female gender representations in digital mass media via discourse analysis: A case study. 1-6. 10.1109/CISTI.2015.7170610.
Pereira, C., Vala, J., Costa-Lopes, R. (2010). From prejudice to discrimination: The legitimizing of perceived threat in discrimination against immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1231-1250.
Podsakoff, P. M, & Todor, W. D. (1985). Relationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and group processes and productivity. Journal of Management, 11(1), 55-73.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
Ramayah, T., Lee, J. W. C., Boey, J. C. I. (2011). Network collaboration and performance in the tourism sector. Service Business, 5(4), 411-428.
Ramayah, T.,Yeap, J. A. L., & Ignatius, J. (2013). An empirical inquiry on knowledge sharing among academicians in higher learning institutions. Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy, 51(2), 131-154.
Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Ozden, C., Plaza, S., Shaw, W. & Shimeles, A. (2011). Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills and Investments. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. Retrieved from: http://www.smartpls.com
Rodrigo, G. H. (2018). Between uncertainty and hope: A qualitative analysis of how young, highly educated Europeans perceive the acceptance of refugees into Europe. Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 17.
Shrestha, J., Saha, R. & Tripathi, N. (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding Cervical Cancer Screening Amongst Women visiting Tertiary Centre in Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences, 2, 10.3126/njms.v2i2.8941.
Telhami, S. (2014). American Public Attitudes Toward The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Center for Middle East Policy The Brookings Institution, Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland.
TENT (2016). Public perceptions of the refugee crisis. New York: TENT Foundation.
Putrajaya: Rohingya issue has become an international matter. (2016, 3 December). The Star Online. p.1.
Topal, M. H., Özer, U. & Dokuzlu, E. (2017). Public Perception of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: An Empirical Explanation Using Extended Integrative Threat Theory. Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje, 3, 35-58.
Torjman, S. (2005). What is Policy? Ontario: The Caledon Institute of Social Policy.
Wake, C. (2016). 'Turning a Blind Eye' : The Policy Response to Rohingya Refugees in Malaysia. London: Humanitarian Policy Group.
Yesmin, S. (2016). Policy Toward Rohingya Refugees : A Comparative Analysis of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh , 71-100.
Zint, M. & Wolske, K. S. (2014). From information provision to participatory deliberation: Engaging residents in the transition toward sustainable cities. In D. H. Blanco & D. Mazmanian (Eds.), The Elgar Companion to Sustainable Cities: Strategies, Methods (188-209). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
