The Convergence of Digitalization and Internationalization: A Literature Review and Future Research Agenda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v8i2.4314Keywords:
Digitalization, Internationalization, Multinational Enterprises, International Business TheoriesAbstract
The interplay phenomenon of digitalization and internationalization (IDI) is gaining scholarly traction in the recent two decades when digitalization acts as an effective fuel for internationalization and internationalization activities reciprocally cry out for a greater digitalization revolution. Digital companies (DCs), born-digital companies (BDCs), and born-global companies (BGCs) are the new entrants to the literature. Despite burgeoning scholarly interest in this research domain, it is a relatively young research domain with limited scholarly literature. This paper aims to provide a clear picture of this interplay phenomenon and offers useful insights for future research to further enrich the extant literature on digitalization and internationalization. What do we know about the interplay phenomenon of digitalization and internationalization and what else should we investigate further in this domain? This paper reveals that despite the recent mushrooming literature on both digitalization and internationalization themes, there lie great research opportunities in topics related to IDI, and international business theories (IBT) for both large and small multinational enterprises (MNEs) as well as risks associated with digitalization and internationalization. The study contributes to the literature by discussing the gaps in the literature and offering academicians and researchers new research venues to enrich the extant literature in this domain.
References
Abdi, M., & Aulakh, P. S. (2018). Internationalization and Performance: Degree, Duration, and Scale of Operations. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(7), 832–857. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0146-8 Adomako, S., Amankwah-Amoah, J., Tarba, S. Y., & Khan, Z. (2021). Perceived Corruption, Business Process Digitization, and SMEs’ Degree of Internationalization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Research, 123, 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.065 Ahmed, A., Alshurideh, M., al Kurdi, B., & Salloum, S. A. (2021). Digital Transformation and Organizational Operational Decision Making: A Systematic Review. International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics, 1261 AISC, 708–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58669-0_63 Ahmed, F. U., & Brennan, L. (2019). Performance Determinants of Early Internationalizing Firms: The Role of International Entrepreneurial Orientation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 17(3), 389–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-019-00250-7 Alberti-Alhtaybat, L., Al-Htaybat, K., & Hutaibat, K. (2019). A Knowledge Management and Sharing Business Model for Dealing with Disruption: The Case of Aramex. Journal of Business Research, 94, 400–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.037 Amankwah-Amoah, J., Khan, Z., Wood, G., & Knight, G. (2021). COVID-19 and Digitalization: The Great Acceleration. Journal of Business Research, 136, 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.011 Armario, J. M., Ruiz, D. M., & Armario, E. M. (2008). Market Orientation and Internationalization in Small and Medium‐sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(4), 485–511. Atkinson, S. (2017, December 20). Why are China Instant Noodle Sales Going off the Boil? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42390058 Autio, E. (2017). Digitalisation, Ecosystems, Entrepreneurship and Policy. Perspectives into Topical Issues in Society and Ways to Support Political Decision-Making. Government’s Analysis, Research and Assessment Activities Policy Brief, 20. Autio, E., Mudambi, R., & Yoo, Y. (2021). Digitalization and Globalization in A Turbulent World Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces. Global Strategy Journal, 11(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1396 Autio, E., & Zander, I. (2016). Lean Internationalization. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2016(1), 17420. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.81 Ayadi-Frikha, M. (2014). Cognitive Map for Identifying the Determinants of the Early and Rapidly Internationalizing Firms. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(3), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-014-0186-7 Bagheri, M., Mitchelmore, S., Bamiatzi, V., & Nikolopoulos, K. (2019). Internationalization Orientation in SMEs: The Mediating Role of Technological Innovation. Journal of International Management, 25(1), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2018.08.002 Bailetti, T., & Craigen, D. (2020). Examining the Relationship Between Cybersecurity and Scaling Value for New Companies. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1329 Bailetti, T., & Tanev, S. (2020). Examining the Relationship Between Value Propositions and Scaling Value for New Companies. Technology Innovation https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1324 Management Review, 10(2), 5–13. Balabanis, G. I. (2000). Factors Affecting Export Intermediaries’ Service Offerings: The British Example. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(1), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490901 Banalieva, E. R., & Dhanaraj, C. (2019). Internalization Theory for the Digital Economy. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(8), 1372–1387. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00243-7 26 Seow, R.Y.C./Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022,18 - 35 Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108 Baskerville, R. L., Myers, M. D., & Yoo, Y. (2020). Digital First: The Ontological Reversal and New Challenges in IS Research. MIS Quarterly, 44(2), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2020/14418 Bell, J., & Loane, S. (2010). ‘New-wave’ Global Firms: Web 2.0 and SME Internationalisation. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(3–4), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/02672571003594648 Bergamaschi, M., Bettinelli, C., Lissana, E., & Picone, P. M. (2021). Past, Ongoing, and Future Debate on the Interplay Between Internationalization and Digitalization. Journal of Management and Governance, 25(4), 983–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-020-09544-8 Bettiol, M., Capestro, M., de Marchi, V., & di Maria, E. (2020). Industry 4.0 Investments in Manufacturing Firms and Internationalization (No. 0245; “Marco Fanno” Working Papers). Bianchi, C., & Wickramasekera, R. (2013). An Exploratory Study of the Factors Enhancing and Inhibiting Export Growth in the Chilean Wine Industry. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 25(2), 85102. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2013.724004 Bilkey, W. J., & Tesar, G. (1977). The Export Behavior of Smaller-sized Wisconsin Manufacturing Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490783 Bloomberg, J. (2018, April 29). Digitization, Digitalization, and Digital Transformation: Confuse Them at Your Peril. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2018/04/29/digitization-digitalization-and-digitaltransformation-confuse-them-at-your-peril/#78e677fd2f2c Bockshecker, A., Hackstein, S., & Baumöl, U. (2018). Systematization of the Term Digital Transformation and Its Phenomena from A Socio-technical Perspective – A Literature Review. 25th European Conference on Information Systems, 23–28. Bogavac, M. (2019). Research on the Influence of Digitalization on Small and Medium Enterprises. Belgrade. Bogavac, M., & Čekerevac, Z. (2019). IDSME Index – New Method for Evaluation of SMEs Digitalization. MEST Journal, 7(2), 9–20. Bogavac, M., Čekerevac, Z., & Prigoda, L. (2021). Digitalization of SMEs in Developing and Developed Countries. Business Innovations Economics Journal, 5, 150–156. Bolwijn, R., Casella, B., & Zhan, J. (2018). International Production and the Digital Economy. In A. Verbeke, R. van Tulder, & L. Piscitello (Eds.), International Business in the Information and Digital Age (Vol. 13, pp. 3964). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220180000013003 Brennen, S., & Kreiss, D. (2014). Digitalization and Digitization. Culture Digitally, 8. Brieger, S. A., Chowdhury, F., Hechavarría, D. M., Muralidharan, E., Pathak, S., & Lam, Y. T. (2022). Digitalization, Institutions and New Venture Internationalization. Journal of International Management, 100949. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTMAN.2022.100949 Brouthers, K. D., Geisser, K. D., & Rothlauf, F. (2016). Explaining the Internationalization of iBusiness Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(5), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2015.20 Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. (1976). The Future of the Multinational Enterprise. Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1372647 Bürgin, R., & Mayer, H. (2020). Digital Periphery? A Community Case Study of Digitalization Efforts in Swiss Mountain Regions. In Smart Village Technology (pp. 67–98). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03037794-6_4 Cao, L., Navare, J., & Jin, Z. (2018). Business Model Innovation: How the International Retailers Rebuild Their Core Business Logic in A New Host Country. International Business Review, 27(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.10.005 Cassetta, E., Monarca, U., Dileo, I., di Berardino, C., & Pini, M. (2020). The Relationship Between Digital Technologies and Internationalisation. Evidence from Italian SMEs. Industry and Innovation, 27(4), 311339. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1696182 Cavusgil, S. T., & Knight, G. (2015). The Born Global Firm: An Entrepreneurial and Capabilities Perspective on Early and Rapid Internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.62 Cenamor, J., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2019). How Entrepreneurial SMEs Compete Through Digital Platforms: The Roles of Digital Platform Capability, Network Capability and Ambidexterity. Journal of Business Research, 100, 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.035 Cerrato, D., & Piva, M. (2012). The Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: The Effect of Family Management, Human Capital and Foreign Ownership. Journal of Management & Governance, 16(4), 617644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9166-x 27 Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022, 18 - 35 Chen, L., Shaheer, N., Yi, J., & Li, S. (2019). The International Penetration of iBusiness Firms: Network Effects, Liabilities of Outsidership and Country Clout. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(2), 172–192. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0176-2 Chen, W., & Kamal, F. (2016). The Impact of Information and Communication Technology Adoption on Multinational Firm Boundary Decisions. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(5), 563–576. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2016.6 Cheng, C., & Yang, M. (2017). Enhancing Performance of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions in Developed Markets: The Role of Business Ties and Technological Innovation Capability. Journal of Business Research, 81, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.019 Chernyakov, M., & Chernyakova, M. (2018). Technological Risks of the Digital Economy. Корпоративные Финансы, 12(4). Ciasullo, M. V., Montera, R., Mercuri, F., & Mugova, S. (2022). When Digitalization Meets Omnichannel in International Markets: A Case Study from the Agri-Food Industry. Administrative Sciences, 12(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/ADMSCI12020068 Clark, D. R., Li, D., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). Country Familiarity in the Initial Stage of Foreign Market Selection. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(4), 442–472. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0099-3 Clerk, J. (2017). Digitalization, Digital Transformation: The Differences. i-SCOOP. Coase, R. H. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica, 4(16), 386–405. Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The Role of Leadership in A Digitalized World: A Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938 Costa, E., Soares, A. L., & de Sousa, J. P. (2020). Industrial Business Associations Improving the Internationalisation of SMEs with Digital Platforms: A Design Science Research Approach. International Journal of Information Management, 53, 102070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102070 Coviello, N. E., & McAuley, A. (1999). Internationalisation and the Smaller Firm: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Research. Management International Review, 223–256. Coviello, N., Kano, L., & Liesch, P. W. (2017). Adapting the Uppsala Model to A Modern World: Macro-context and Microfoundations. Journal of International https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0120-x of Business Studies, 48(9), 1151–1164. Deng, Z., Zhu, Z., Johanson, M., & Hilmersson, M. (2022). Rapid Internationalization and Exit of Exporters: The Role Digital Platforms. International https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IBUSREV.2021.101896 Business Review, 31(1), 101896. Denicolai, S., Zucchella, A., & Magnani, G. (2021). Internationalization, Digitalization, and Sustainability: Are SMEs Ready? A Survey on Synergies and Substituting Effects Among Growth Paths. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120650 Dethine, B., Enjolras, M., & Monticolo, D. (2020). Digitalization and SMEs’ Export Management: Impacts on Resources and Capabilities. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1344 Dominguez, N., & Mayrhofer, U. (2017). Internationalization Stages of Traditional SMEs: Increasing, Decreasing and Re-increasing Commitment to Foreign Markets. International Business Review, 26(6), 1051–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.03.010 Durmaz, Y., & İlhan, A. (2015). Growth Strategies in Businesses and A Theoretical Approach. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(4), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n4p210 Eden, L. (2016). Strengthening the Global Trade and Investment System for Sustainable Development. World Economic Forum. Eduardsen, J. S., & Ivang, R. (2016). Internet-enabled Internationalisation: A Review of the Empirical Literature and A Research Agenda. International Journal of Business Environment, 8(2), 152–175. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBE.2016.076629 Ekman, P., Thilenius, P., Thompson, S., & Whitaker, J. (2020). Digital Transformation of Global Business Processes: The Role of Dual Embeddedness. Business Process Management Journal, 26(2), 570–592. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2019-0080 Global Elango, B. (2004). Geographic Scope of Operations by Multinational Companies: An Exploratory Study of Regional and Strategies. European https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2004.06.006 Management Journal, 22(4), 431–441. Eling, M., & Lehmann, M. (2018). The Impact of Digitalization on the Insurance Value Chain and the Insurability of Risks. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 43(3), 359–396. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41288-017-0073-0 28 Seow, R.Y.C./Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022,18 - 35 Enjolras, M., Camargo, M., & Schmitt, C. (2019). Are High-tech Companies More Competitive Than Others? An Empirical Study of Innovative and Exporting French SMEs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1206 Falahat, M., Knight, G., & Alon, I. (2018). Orientations and Capabilities of Born Global Firms from Emerging Markets. International Marketing Review, 35(6), 936–957. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-01-2017-0021 Falahat, M., Ramayah, T., Soto-Acosta, P., & Lee, Y.-Y. (2020). SMEs Internationalization: The Role of Product Innovation, Market Intelligence, Pricing and Marketing Communication Capabilities as Drivers of SMEs’ International Performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119908 Foss, N. J., & Pedersen, T. (2004). Organizing Knowledge Processes in the Multinational Corporation: An Introduction. Journal of International https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400102 Business Studies, 35(5), 340–349. Frank, A. G., Mendes, G. H. S., Ayala, N. F., & Ghezzi, A. (2019). Servitization and Industry 4.0 Convergence in the Digital Transformation of Product Firms: A Business Model Innovation Perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.014 Freeman, J., Styles, C., & Lawley, M. (2012). Does Firm Location Make A Difference to the Export Performance of SMEs? International Marketing Review, 29(1), 88–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331211201552 Gabrielsson, M., Raatikainen, M., & Julkunen, S. (2022). Accelerated Internationalization Among Inexperienced Digital Entrepreneurs: Toward A Holistic Entrepreneurial Decision-making Model. Management International Review, 62(2), 137–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11575-022-00469-Y/FIGURES/1 Gankema, H. G. J., Snuit, H. R., & van Dijken, K. A. (1997). The Internationalisation Process of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: An Evaluation of the Stage Theory. Entrepreneurship and SME Research: On Its Way to the Next Millennium, 185–197. George, G., & Schillebeeckx, S. J. D. (2022). Digital Transformation, Sustainability, and Purpose in the Multinational Enterprise. Journal of World Business, 57(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2022.101326 Ghobakhloo, M. (2020). Determinants of Information and Digital Technology Implementation for Smart Manufacturing. International Journal https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1630775 of Production Research, 58(8), 2384–2405. Gilson, L. L., Maynard, M. T., Jones Young, N. C., Vartiainen, M., & Hakonen, M. (2015). Virtual Teams Research: 10 Years, 10 Themes, and 10 Opportunities. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1313–1337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314559946 Guo, M., Yang, N., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Focal Enterprises’ Control and Knowledge Transfer Risks in R&D Networks: The Mediating Role of Relational Capability. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(3), 870–892. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-06-2019-0180 Gupta, G., & Bose, I. (2019). Digital Transformation in Entrepreneurial Firms Through Information Exchange with Operating Environment. Information & Management, 103243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.103243 Hagberg, J., Sundstrom, M., & Egels-Zandén, N. (2016). The Digitalization of Retailing: An Exploratory Framework. International Journal of Retail https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-09-2015-0140 & Distribution Management, 44(7), 694–712. Hagen, B., & Zucchella, A. (2014). Born Global or Born to Run? The Long-term Growth of Born Global Firms. Management International Review, 54(4), 497–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-014-0214-7 Hagsten, E., & Kotnik, P. (2017). ICT as Facilitator of Internationalisation in Small-and medium-sized Firms. Small Business Economics, 48(2), 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9781-2 Hannibal, M., & Knight, G. (2018). Additive Manufacturing and the Global Factory: Disruptive Technologies and the Location of International Business. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.04.003 International Business Review, 27(6), 1116–1127. Hazlehurst, C., & Brouthers, K. D. (2018). IB and Strategy Research on “New” Information and Communication Technologies: Guidance for Future Research. In R. van Tulder, A. Verbeke, & L. Piscitello (Eds.), International Business in the Information and Digital Age (pp. 65–89). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220180000013004 Hennart, J.-F. (2014). The Accidental Internationalists: A Theory of Born Globals. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12076 Hennart, J.-F. (2019). Digitalized Service Multinationals and International Business Theory. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(8), 1388–1400. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00256-2 29 Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022, 18 - 35 Hervé, A., Schmitt, C., & Baldegger, R. (2020a). Digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Internationalization of Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1343 Hervé, A., Schmitt, C., & Baldegger, R. (2020b). Internationalization and Digitalization Applying Digital Technologies to the Internationalization Process of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(7), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1373 Hervé, A., Schmitt, C., & Baldegger, R. (2022). Digitalization and Internationalization of Micro-, Small, and Mediumsized Enterprises: An Overall Conceptual Process. Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 3(4), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/26437015.2022.2096514 Hitt, M. A., Holmes Jr, R. M., & Arregle, J.-L. (2021). The (COVID-19) Pandemic and the New World (Dis) Order. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101210 Holand, A., Svadberg, S., & Breunig, K. J. (2019). Beyond the Hype: A Bibliometric Analysis Deconstructing Research on Digitalization. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(10), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1274 Hsieh, L., Child, J., Narooz, R., Elbanna, S., Karmowska, J., Marinova, S., Puthusserry, P., Tsai, T., & Zhang, Y. (2019). A Multidimensional Perspective of SME Internationalization Speed: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Characteristics. International https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.09.004 Business Review, 28(2), 268–283. Hughes, M., Cesinger, B., Cheng, C.-F., Schuessler, F., & Kraus, S. (2019). A Configurational Analysis of Network and Knowledge Variables Explaining Born Globals’ and Late Internationalizing SMEs’ International Performance. Industrial Marketing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.12.001 Management, 80, 172–187. Ipsmiller, E., Dikova, D., & Brouthers, K. D. (2022). Digital Internationalization of Traditional Firms: Virtual Presence and Entrepreneurial Orientation. Journal of International Management, 28(4), 100940. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTMAN.2022.100940 Jean, R.-J. B., Sinkovics, R. R., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2010). Enhancing International Customer–Supplier Relationships Through IT Resources: A Study of Taiwanese Electronics Suppliers. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(7), 1218–1239. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.4 Jean, R.-J. “Bryan,” & Kim, D. (2020). Internet and SMEs’ Internationalization: The Role of Platform and Website. Journal of International Management, 26(1), 100690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2019.100690 Joensuu-Salo, S., Sorama, K., Viljamaa, A., & Varamäki, E. (2018). Firm Performance Among Internationalized SMEs: The Interplay of Market Orientation, Marketing Capability and Digitalization. Administrative Sciences, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8030031 Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L.-G. (2015). Internationalisation in Industrial Systems— A Network Approach. In Knowledge, Networks and Power (pp. 111–132). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137508829_5 Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The Internationalization Process of the Firm — A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2009). The Uppsala Internationalization Process Model Revisited: From Liability of Foreignness to Liability of Outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1057/JIBS.2009.24 Kano, L., Tsang, E. W. K., & Yeung, H. W. (2020). Global Value Chains: A Review of the Multi-disciplinary Literature. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(4), 577–622. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-02000304-2 Khanagha, S., Ramezan Zadeh, M. T., Mihalache, O. R., & Volberda, H. W. (2018). Embracing Bewilderment: Responding to Technological Disruption in Heterogeneous Market Environments. Journal of Management Studies, 55(7), 1079–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12348 Kim, D., Jean, R.-J. B., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2018). Drivers of Virtual Interfirm Integration and Its Impact on Performance in International Customer–supplier Relationships. Management International Review, 58(3), 495–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0344-4 Kim, J. U., & Aguilera, R. v. (2015). The World is Spiky: An Internationalization Framework for A Semi‐globalized World. Global Strategy Journal, 5(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1094 Knight, G. A., & Liesch, P. W. (2016). Internationalization: From Incremental to Born Global. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.011 30 Seow, R.Y.C./Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022,18 - 35 Kraus, S., Palmer, C., Kailer, N., Kallinger, F. L., & Spitzer, J. (2018). Digital Entrepreneurship: A Research Agenda on New Business Models for the Twenty-first Century. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(2), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2018-0425 Kundu, S. K., & Katz, J. A. (2003). Born-international SMEs: BI-level Impacts of Resources and Intentions. Small Business Economics, 20(1), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020292320170 Kutnjak, A., Pihiri, I., & Furjan, M. T. (2019). Digital Transformation Case Studies Across Industries – Literature Review. 2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 1293–1298. https://doi.org/10.23919/MIPRO.2019.8756911 Lavington, F. (1925). An Approach to the Theory of Business Risks. The Economic Journal, 35(138), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/2222680 Lee, Y. Y., & Falahat, M. (2019). The Impact of Digitalization and Resources on Gaining Competitive Advantage in International Markets: Mediating Role of Marketing, Innovation and Learning Capabilities. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1281 Lee, Y.-Y., Falahat, M., & Sia, B.-K. (2019). Impact of Digitalization on the Speed of Internationalization. International Business Research, 12(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n4p1 Legner, C., Eymann, T., Hess, T., Matt, C., Böhmann, T., Drews, P., Mädche, A., Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2017). Digitalization: Opportunity and Challenge for the Business and Information Systems Engineering Community. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599017-0484-2 Leonidou, L. C. (2004). An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 279–302. Liu, X., Gao, L., Lu, J., & Lioliou, E. (2016). Environmental Risks, Localization and the Overseas Subsidiary Performance of MNEs from An Emerging Economy. Journal of World Business, 51(3), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.05.002 Lovelock, C. H., & Yip, G. S. (1996). Developing Global Strategies for Service Businesses. California Management Review, 38(2), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165833 Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2001). The Internationalization and Performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6‐7), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.184 Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2004). International Diversification and Firm Performance: The S-curve Hypothesis. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 598–609. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159604 Lu, Z. (2022). Investigating the Reconfiguration of Internationalization Strategies under Digitalization. Scientific and Social Research, 4(5), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.26689/SSR.V4I5.3942 Lubinski, C., & Wadhwani, R. D. (2020). Geopolitical Jockeying: Economic Nationalism and Multinational Strategy in Historical Perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 41(3), 400–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3022 Lund, M., & Nielsen, C. (2018). The Concept of Business Model Scalability. Journal of Business Models, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5278/ojs.jbm.v6i1.2235 Lund, S., Manyika, J., Woetzel, J., Barriball, E., Krishnan, M., Alicke, K., Birshan, M., George, K., Smit, S., Swan, D., & Hutzler, K. (2020). Risk, Resilience, and Rebalancing in Global Value Chains. McKinsey & Company. Luo, Y. (2022). A General Framework of Digitization Risks in International Business. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(2), 344–361. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00448-9 Luo, Y., & Bu, J. (2016). How Valuable is Information and Communication Technology? A Study of Emerging Economy Enterprises. Journal of World Business, 51(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.06.001 Luo, Y., Zhao, J. H., & Du, J. (2005). The Internationalization Speed of e‐Commerce Companies: An Empirical Analysis. International Marketing Review, 22(6), 693–709. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330510630294 Makarius, E. E., Mukherjee, D., Fox, J. D., & Fox, A. K. (2020). Rising with the Machines: A Sociotechnical Framework for Bringing Artificial Intelligence into the Organization. Journal of Business Research, 120, 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.045 Martin, S. L., Javalgi, R. R. G., & Ciravegna, L. (2020). Marketing Capabilities and International New Venture Performance: The Mediation Role of Marketing Communication and the Moderation Effect of Technological Turbulence. Journal of Business Research, 107, 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.044 Mathews, S., Bianchi, C., Perks, K. J., Healy, M., & Wickramasekera, R. (2016). Internet Marketing Capabilities and International Market Growth. International https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.10.007 Business Review, 25(4), 820–830. Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Ramge, T. (2018). Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data. Hachette UK. 31 Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022, 18 - 35 Journal McAuley, A. (2010). Looking Back, Going Forward: Reflecting on Research into the SME Internationalisation Process. of Research in https://doi.org/10.1108/14715201011060858 Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 21–41. McCahery, J. A., & de Roode, F. A. (2018). Governance of Financial Services Outsourcing: Managing Misconduct and Third-party Risks. from Mendes, M. V. I. (2021). The Limitations of International Relations Regarding MNCs and the Digital Economy: Evidence Brazil. Review https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2020.1730609 of Political Economy, 33(1), 67–87. Mikalef, P., & Pateli, A. (2017). Information Technology-enabled Dynamic Capabilities and their Indirect Effect on Competitive Performance: Findings From PLS-SEM and fsQCA. Journal of Business Research, 70, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.09.004 Milliken, D., & Holton, K. (2021, June 6). Tech Giants and Tax Havens Targeted by Historic G7 Deal. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/g7-nations-near-historic-deal-taxing-multinationals-2021-06-05/ Mithas, S., Whitaker, J., & Tafti, A. (2009). Information Technology and Globalization: Theory and Evidence. 14th Annual INFORMS Conference of Information, Systems and Technology, 26(2). Moeuf, A., Pellerin, R., Lamouri, S., Tamayo-Giraldo, S., & Barbaray, R. (2018). The Industrial Management of SMEs in the Era of Industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 56(3), 1118–1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1372647 Mozas-Moral, A., Moral-Pajares, E., Medina-Viruel, M. J., & Bernal-Jurado, E. (2016). Manager’s Educational Background and ICT Use as Antecedents of Export Decisions: A Crisp Set QCA Analysis. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1333–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.102 Müllner, J., & Filatotchev, I. (2018). The Changing Face of International Business in the Information Age. In R. van Tulder, A. Verbeke, & L. Piscitello (Eds.), International Business in the Information and Digital Age (pp. 91–121). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220180000013005 Nambisan, S. (2017). Digital Entrepreneurship: Toward A Digital Technology Perspective of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 1029–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12254 Neubert, M. (2013). Global Market Strategies: How to Turn Your Company into A Successful International Enterprise. Campus Verlag. Neubert, M. (2016). Significance of the Speed of Internationalisation for Born Global Firms - A Multiple Case Study Approach. International Journal https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTCS.2016.076067 of Teaching and Case Studies, 7(1), 66–81. Neubert, M. (2017). International Pricing Strategies for Born-global Firms. Central European Business Review, 6(3), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.185 Neubert, M. (2018). The Impact of Digitalization on the Speed of Internationalization of Lean Global Startups. Technology Innovation Management Review, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1158 North, K., Aramburu, N., & Lorenzo, O. J. (2019). Promoting Digitally Enabled Growth in SMEs: A Framework Proposal. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 33(1), 238–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-042019-0103 Nummela, N., Loane, S., & Bell, J. (2006). Change in SME Internationalisation: An Irish Perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 562–583. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000610705750 Ojala, A., Evers, N., & Rialp, A. (2018). Extending the International New Venture Phenomenon to Digital Platform Providers: A Longitudinal Case https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.05.001 Study. Journal of World Business, 53(5), 725–739. Olejnik, E., & Swoboda, B. (2012). SMEs’ Internationalisation Patterns: Descriptives, Dynamics and Determinants. International Marketing Review, 29(5), 466–495. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331211260340 Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1995). Global Start-ups: Entrepreneurs on A Worldwide Stage. Academy of Management Perspectives, 9(2), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1995.9506273269 Øyna, S., & Alon, I. (2018). A Review of Born Globals. International Studies of Management & Organization, 48(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2018.1443737 Özcan, G. B., Mondragon, A. E. C., & Harindranath, G. (2018). Strategic Entry and Operational Integration of Emerging Market Firms: The Case of Cemex, Beko and Tata Steel in the UK. Journal of Business Research, 93, 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.024 Ozcan, P., & Yakis-Douglas, B. (2020). Digitalization and Its Strategic Implications for the Multinational Enterprise: The Changing Landscape of Competition and How to Cope with It. In K. Mellahi, K. Meyer, R. Narula, I. Surdu, & A. Verbeke (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Business Strategy. Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198868378.013.19 32 Seow, R.Y.C./Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022,18 - 35 Paniagua, J., Korzynski, P., & Mas-Tur, A. (2017). Crossing Borders with Social Media: Online Social Networks and FDI. European Management Journal, 35(3), 314–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.09.002 Parviainen, P., Tihinen, M., Kääriäinen, J., & Teppola, S. (2017). Tackling the Digitalization Challenge: How to Benefit from Digitalization in Practice. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, 5(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm050104 Paul, J., Parthasarathy, S., & Gupta, P. (2017). Exporting Challenges of SMEs: A Review and Future Research Agenda. Journal of World Business, 52(3), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.01.003 Pellegrino, J. M., & McNaughton, R. B. (2017). Beyond Learning by Experience: The Use of Alternative Learning Processes by Incrementally and Rapidly Internationalizing SMEs. International Business Review, 26(4), 614–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.12.003 Peña‐Vinces, J. C., Cepeda‐Carrión, G., & Chin, W. W. (2012). Effect of ITC on the International Competitiveness of Firms. Management Decision, 50(6), 1045–1061. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211238328 Perea, J. G.-Á. de, Ramírez-García, C., & Cubo-Molina, D. (2019). Internationalization Business Models and Patterns of SMEs and MNEs: A Qualitative Multi-case Study in the Agrifood Sector. Sustainability, 11(10), 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102755 Pollman, E., & Barry, J. M. (2016). Regulatory Entrepreneurship. Southern California Law Review, 90(3), 383–448. Quinton, S., Canhoto, A., Molinillo, S., Pera, R., & Budhathoki, T. (2018). Conceptualising A Digital Orientation: Antecedents of Supporting SME Performance in the Digital Economy. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 26(5), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2016.1258004 Rachinger, M., Rauter, R., Müller, C., Vorraber, W., & Schirgi, E. (2018). Digitalization and Its Influence on Business Model Innovation. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 30(8), 1143–1160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-01-2018-0020 Ramos, M. J. B., & Yoo, S. G. (2019). Developing An Information Security Management System for Libraries Based on An Improved Risk Analysis Methodology Compatible with ISO/IEC 27001. The International Conference on Advances in Emerging Trends and Technologies, 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-320331_34 Rask, M. (2014). Internationalization Through Business Model Innovation: In Search of Relevant Design Dimensions and Elements. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843014-0127-3 Reim, W., Yli-Viitala, P., Arrasvuori, J., & Parida, V. (2022). Tackling Business Model Challenges in SME Internationalization Through Digitalization. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(3), 100199. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JIK.2022.100199 Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., Cohen, Y., & Rodrigues, M. (2020). Digitalization: A Literature Review and Research Agenda. International Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43616-2_47 Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., & Matos, P. (2018). Digital Transformation: A Literature Review and Guidelines for Future Research. World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77703-0_41 Rennie, M. W. (1993). Born Global. The McKinsey Quarterly, 4, 45–53. Ritter, T., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020). Digitization Capability and the Digitalization of Business Models in Businessto-business Firms: Past, Present, and Future. Industrial Marketing Management, 86, 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.11.019 Ross, J., Beath, C., & Sebastian, I. (2017). Digitized ≠ Digital. MIT Center for Information Systems Research. Research Briefing, 17(10). Rugman, A. M. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of International Business. OUP Oxford. Ruzzier, M., Hisrich, R. D., & Antoncic, B. (2006). SME Internationalization Research: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Small Business and https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000610705705 Enterprise Development, 13(4), 476–497. Saarikko, T., Westergren, U. H., & Blomquist, T. (2020). Digital Transformation: Five Recommendations for the Digitally Conscious Firm. Business Horizons, 63(6), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005 Saemundsson, R. J., & Candi, M. (2017). Absorptive Capacity and the Identification of Opportunities in New Technology-based Firms. Technovation, 64, 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2017.06.001 Safar, L., Sopko, J., Bednar, S., & Poklemba, R. (2018). Concept of SME Business Model for Industry 4.0 Environment. TEM Journal, 7(3), 626. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM73-20 33 Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022, 18 - 35 Salloum, S. A., Al-Emran, M., & Shaalan, K. (2018). The Impact of Knowledge Sharing on Information Systems: A Review. International Conference on Knowledge Management in Organizations, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95204-8_9 Schmitt, C., & Baldegger, R. (2020). Editorial: Digitalization and Internationalization. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.22215/timre Schu, M., Morschett, D., & Swoboda, B. (2016). Internationalization Speed of Online Retailers: A Resource-based Perspective on the Influence Factors. Management International Review, 56(5), 733–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-016-0279-6 Schweizer, R. (2012). The Internationalization Process of SMEs: A Muddling-through Process. Journal of Business Research, 65(6), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.12.011 Scott, J. E. (2004). Measuring Dimensions of Perceived e-Business Risks. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 2(1), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-003-0026-y Seow, R. Y. C. (2022). Personality Traits of Traditional Entrepreneur and Digital Entrepreneur: A Systematic Literature Review. ASEAN Entrepreneurship Journal, 8(2), 56–71. https://aej.uitm.edu.my/viewpaper.php?paper=20220862ec6dc375478 Shaheer, N. A. (2020). Reappraising International Business in A Digital Arena: Barriers, Strategies, and Context for Digital Internationalization. AIB Insights, 20(4), 17849. https://doi.org/10.46697/001c.17849 Sommer, L. (2015). Industrial Revolution-industry 4.0: Are German Manufacturing SMEs the First Victims of This Revolution? Journal of Industrial https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1470 Engineering and Management, 8(5), 1512–1532. Soto-Acosta, P. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Shifting Digital Transformation to A High-speed Gear. Information Systems Management, 37(4), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2020.1814461 Stallkamp, M., & Schotter, A. P. J. (2021). Platforms Without Borders? The International Strategies of Digital Platform Firms. Global Strategy Journal, 11(1), 58–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1336 Strange, R., & Zucchella, A. (2017). Industry 4.0, Global Value Chains and International Business. Multinational Business Review, 25(3), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-05-2017-0028 Strotmann, H. (2007). Entrepreneurial Survival. Small Business Economics, 28(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-8859-z Sun, P., Doh, J. P., Rajwani, T., & Siegel, D. (2021). Navigating Cross-border Institutional Complexity: A Review and Assessment of Multinational Nonmarket Strategy Research. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(9), 1818–1853. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00438-x Tanev, S. (2017). Is There A Lean Future for Global Startups? Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1072 Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AIDTekic, Z., & Koroteev, D. (2019). From Disruptively Digital to Proudly Analog: A Holistic Typology of Digital Transformation Strategies. Business Horizons, 62(6), 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.07.002 Tong, T. W., & Reuer, J. J. (2007). Real Options in Multinational Corporations: Organizational Challenges and Risk Implications. Journal of International https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400260 Business Studies, 38(2), 215–230. Trentini, C., Mainente, J. de C., & Santos-Paulino, A. (2022). The Evolution of Digital MNEs: An Empirical Note. Transnational Corporations, 29(1), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.18356/2076099x-29-1 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2017). World Investment Report 2017: Investment and the Digital Economy. In A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations. Brill Nijhoff. Vadana, I. I., Torkkeli, L., Kuivalainen, O., & Saarenketo, S. (2020). Digitalization of Companies in International Entrepreneurship and Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-04-2018-0129 International Marketing Review, 37(3), 471–492. Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2017). From Internationalization to Evolution: The Uppsala Model at 40 Years. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1087–1102. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0107-7 Von, L. T., Gamp, M., Manz, D., Schöttle, K., Ohlhausen, P., Oosthuizen, G., Palm, D., & Von, L. K. (2017). Initialising Customer-orientated Digital Transformation in Enterprises. Procedia Manufacturing, 8, 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.02.066 Vural, C. A., Roso, V., Halldórsson, Á., Ståhle, G., & Yaruta, M. (2020). Can Digitalization Mitigate Barriers to Intermodal Transport? An Exploratory Study. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 37, 100525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100525 34 Seow, R.Y.C./Advances in Business Research International Journal, 8(2) 2022,18 - 35 Wang, X., Chen, A., Wang, H., & Li, S. (2017). Effect of Export Promotion Programs on Export Performance: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 18(1), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2016.1278031 Watson, G. F., Weaven, S., Perkins, H., Sardana, D., & Palmatier, R. W. (2018). International Market Entry Strategies: Relational, Digital, and Hybrid Approaches. Journal of International Marketing, 26(1), 30–60. https://doi.org/10.1509/jim.17.0034 Welch, C., Nummela, N., & Liesch, P. (2016). The Internationalization Process Model Revisited: An Agenda for Future Research. Management International Review, 56(6), 783–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-0160302-y Wentrup, R. (2016). The Online–offline Balance: Internationalization for Swedish Online Service Providers. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(4), 562–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0171-2 Westerlund, M. (2020). Digitalization, Internationalization and Scaling of Online SMEs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1346 Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Nine Elements of Digital Transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 55(3), 1–6. Whitaker, J., Ekman, P., & Thompson, S. (2017). How Multinational Corporations Use Information Technology to Manage Global Operations. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(2), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2016.1183426 Wittkop, A., Zulauf, K., & Wagner, R. (2018). How Digitalization Changes the Internationalization of Entrepreneurial Firms: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 6(2), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.25019/MDKE/6.2.01 Woo, S.-R., Fuertes, M. B., Corrales, L., Spranger, S., Furdyna, M. J., Leung, M. Y. K., Duggan, R., Wang, Y., Barber, G. N., & Fitzgerald, K. A. (2014). STING-dependent Cytosolic DNA Sensing Mediates Innate Immune Recognition of Immunogenic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.017 Tumors. Immunity, 41(5), 830–842. Yamin, M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2006). Online Internationalisation, Psychic Distance Reduction and the Virtuality Trap. International Business Review, 15(4), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.03.002 Yasiukovich, S., & Haddara, M. (2021). Social CRM in SMEs: A Systematic Literature Review. Procedia Computer Science, 181, 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.200 Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2017). International Entrepreneurship: The Current Status of the Field and Future Research Agenda. Strategic Entrepreneurship: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405164085.ch12 Creating A New Mindset, 253–288. Zen, F., & Faizin, M. A. (2021). An Overview of Digitalization and Internationalization MSMEs: A Conceptual Paper. Business Innovation Sustainability and Technology International Conference, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211115.028 Zhang, J. J., Lichtenstein, Y., & Gander, J. (2015). Designing Scalable Digital Business Models. In Business Models and Modelling (pp. 241–277). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742332220150000033006 Ziyae, B., Sajadi, S. M., & Mobaraki, M. H. (2014). The Deployment and Internationalization Speed of e-Business in the Digital Entrepreneurship Era. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-014-0015-2
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Richard Chong Yeaw Seow
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
