Manuscript Retraction

Manuscript Retraction Policy
Retraction of published articles is undertaken to correct the scholarly record and maintain research integrity. Retractions may occur when:

• Evidence of Misconduct: Data fabrication, plagiarism, or unethical research practices are identified.
• Serious Errors: Findings are proven unreliable due to methodological flaws or misinterpretation.
• Legal or Ethical Concerns: Issues such as copyright infringement or violation of ethical standards arise.

Retractions are issued by the Editor-in-Chief in consultation with the editorial board, and a formal notice is published to ensure transparency. The original article remains accessible, clearly marked as retracted, to preserve the scholarly record.