Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability

The opinions, findings and conclusions presented in articles published by the Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship (JIBE) are exclusively those of the authors. They do not represent the institutional views of UiTM Press, the JIBE Editorial Board, the Faculty of Business and Management or Universiti Teknologi MARA.

The publisher, JIBE editorial board, the Faculty of Business and Management or Universiti Teknologi MARA are not responsible for any inaccuracies, omissions, or consequences that may arise from the use of the information contained within this journal. Authors retain full responsibility for the originality, accuracy, and ethical integrity of their submissions. Publication within JIBE does not signify an endorsement or certification of the methods, data or conclusions by the publisher or its affiliated institutions. Readers are encouraged to apply their own expert judgment when engaging with the published material.